Politics of Galvia

The politics of Galvia take place in the framework of a, , and under a  system with exclusive. is exercised by the Monarch of Galvia as the, a hereditary title currently held by Queen Margrieta III, the Grand Secretariat of Galvia as the , an elective position currently held by Janus Celmiņš, and the Cabinet of Ministers of Galvia, a body of government formed by the head of government and former members of the lower house of the legislature. is directly intertwined with the executive branch of government, and is exercised by the Federal Assembly of Galvia, working under a system and formed by an, middle, and , the latter of which is elected within a. is carried out by the Federal Judiciary of Galvia, which is from the legislative and executive branches, and is headed by the Supreme Court, which is formed by nine Magistrates. The federation comprises ten kingdoms, three of which hold the status of (the kingdoms of Cietoķsni, Rozežjosla, and Zemakija), and one Crown Capital Territory that doesn't enjoy a federalist or devolution system and is instead under direct jurisdiction of the central government.

The Kingdom of Galvia, as well as most of its historical predecessors, has organized itself into a federation since the mid-13th century, starting with the Union of Krona. The territory and its historical governments have not formed a system since the, attributed to the different ideologies and ethnic groups that have existed across Galvic-ruled lands throughout centuries. The Galvic Accords, drafted by Queen Antonija I in 1293, set the standard for most of the current political system, including principles such as the federalization of government, the role of the nobility, and some of the fundamental civil rights that exist to this day. After their annexation into the federation in the mid-15th century, the territories were granted devolved power, increasing their regional authority while the central government reserves the power to reintegrate them into its jurisdiction should it see fit.

With the adoption of its constitution and elective government, the Galvian population began to organize itself into ideologically different. The first political parties that appeared during the second half of the 19th century were primarily based off of ethnolinguistic and cultural ideologies, splitting the country into Galvic Nationalists and Peripheral Revolutionists (which included people from the 'peripheral regions' of Galvia where most of the non-Galvic population lives to this day). parties could only come into existence during the late 1980s, after the removal of as a constitutional criminal offense. Today, the political landscape of the country is shaped by the three dominant political parties: the, the religious , and the  forming the. These parties are usually determined by characteristics such as geographical location, ethnic background, historical treatment, religious adherence, and loyalty to the Royal Family.

Constitution
The Constitution of Galvia or Sesaprātsme, established on 23 October 1831, is the supreme law of Galvia, the primary source of law, and the basis for the country's political system. The Constitution is and loosely based off of the Galvic Accords, drafted in 1293 by Queen Antonija I, and has undergone reform twice, first in 1986 and most recently in 2005. The document is divided into three sections: a preamble, the Commitments, and the Regulations.

The Constitution's preamble is the introductory part, stating the document's purpose, aims and its justification. The preamble is the part of the Constitution that takes the most from the Galvic Accords, with certain parts of it being word-by-word statements or reference quotes drawn from the Accords. As its main point, the preamble states the importance in the existence of a single large ethnically Galvic state as opposed to several smaller ones, and it's heavily rooted in the idea of as the country's primary modus operandi.

Commitments, or first part, are subdivided into three parts: the liberties, the pledges, and the declarations.
 * Liberties are the rights and freedoms that the government and monarchy promise to ensure for all Galvian citizens. Liberties are the root for the passing and/or vetoing of most Galvian laws, as they reflect the foundation of what is allowed or prohibited for all citizens. Liberties can be divided into two groups: Personal and Impersonal.
 * Personal liberties are those granted by the state but exercised directly by the individual, some of these liberties include, and the.
 * Impersonal liberties are both granted and exercised by the state to favor the individual, and usually involve a third party. Some impersonal liberties include the, , and the.
 * Pledges are what the government can guarantee to an individual as a citizen of the Kingdom of Galvia, and cannot be altered, removed, added to, or contradicted. The constitutional pledges include guarantees such as ', which ensures that individuals will own their private data that cannot then be used without their consent, and ', which protects individuals from unlawful custodians or authority.
 * Declarations are the fundamental principles on which the Galvian government is organized. Some of the constitutional declarations include the self-identification as a that exists under a, ,  form of government. The Constitution also declares Stroomism and Majanism as the only official religions, and that the federal authorities (judicial, executive, and legislative) shall reside only in the city that is to be chosen as the capital, among several other things.

The Regulations, or second part, address the national and regional authorities. It states that the federal, as well as regional, government be divided into three separate branches: a, an , and a. The executive is to be formed by a and a  as two separate entities, to represent the monarchy and the government; and a cabinet of ministers, appointed directly by the head of government. This is to be carried on by the central government as well as all kingdoms within the federation. The legislature is formed by the valdnieks, the novēlēt, and the zvīņas, collectively referred to as 'parliamentarians', who in turn form the Federal Assembly. The Galvian legislative power is to be exercised under a system, and is the only branch of government directly subjected to direct, universal, as opposed to the executive where elections are indirect, and the judiciary where elections are direct but not universal. The judiciary is designed as an independent branch of government, unlike the other two branches, to ensure the complete neutrality of the law and the judges that see it through.

Executive
Executive power in the Kingdom of Galvia is exercised, at the federal level, by the Monarch of Galvia as, the Grand Secretariat as , and the ministers who collectively form the Cabinet. At the regional level, executive power is reserved for the regional heads of state, heads of government and the Councils, formed by the delegates.

Head of state
The federal head of state is the Monarch of Galvia. As of 2022, this position is held by Queen Margrieta III, as the tenth Monarch of Galvia, having ascended the throne on 14 February 2007. Upon the country's formation, the head of state held several reserve powers that made the position comparable to that of head of government. This was changed with the constitutional reform of 1986, when the Federal Assembly voted in favor of removing a majority of the reserve powers held by the monarch up until that point. Among these reserve powers, the most noticeable changes were the removal of the monarch as the of the armed forces, stripping the monarch from their  at the Federal Assembly, as well as their ability to make  (with the exception of matters regarded as of national urgency).

As a figure of government, the Monarch of Galvia currently has few reserve powers and responsibilities left. Their current responsibilities include the ability to represent the Kingdom of Galvia abroad, to foreign nations as well as international organizations; despite the government's attempt to reduce the monarchy's presence at the Federal Assembly, as the head of the state of the Crown Capital Territory, the monarch is responsible of appointing its two representatives for the legislature's upper house; the monarch is also in charge of appointing four of the nine Magistrates at the judiciary; and must maintain active participation as a member of the executive through bi-weekly meetings with the head of government to discuss matters of Cabinet.

As a member of the Royal Family, the monarch must also abide by its responsibilities. Such responsibilities include acting as the figurehead of the Galvian Church in both conduct and through example; attending military functions abroad and domestically; and opening Parliament at the start of every legislative year on March 21st. The Monarch of Galvia must also revise annually the titles and inheritance of the Nobles across the country, as these are bestowed on each member of the royal family depending on factors such as birth order, birthplace, or closeness to the Monarch in the family tree (e.g. The eldest daughter of the Monarch will always be titled 'Duchess of Kaudze' at the age of 18. Such will be the case of Princess Aleksandrīna, who is currently 11 years old.)

Head of government
The federal head of government is the Grand Secretariat of Galvia. As of 2022, this title is held by Janus Celmiņš, who came into power on 21 March 2022, after winning the general elections a month prior on February 21st. The grand secretariat is not directly elected, and is a residual part of the legislature, in the sense that, though not exercised after election, the grand secretariat is constitutionally a part of both the legislative and executive branches of government. The grand secretariat is indirectly elected in that he is the leader of the or  to obtain the most votes during general elections, and has a non-fixed term of 4 years. This is to say that although, conventionally, elections are called every 4 years by the Monarch, this one may refuse to do so upon recommendation from the Federal Assembly. The grand secretariats are the acting commander-in-chief of the Galvian Armed Forces since 1986, a responsibility that can be passed over to the Director of Combat, the acting head of the Defence Council of Galvia during peacetime. The grand secretariat and their family reside at the Executive Palace of Galvia in the capital city, which also acts as the gathering place to the Cabinet of Ministers.

Once elected, and in the month prior to taking office, the grand secretariat must draw legislators from the lower house of parliament to form the government as part of the Cabinet of Ministers. As head of Cabinet, the head of government is the primary to the monarch, essentially replacing the archaic position of royal counsellor that existed before the adoption of the constitution. During the secretarial inauguration, the newly elected grand secretariat announces the receiver of the position of deputy secretariat. The deputy secretariat is an incumbent member of the legislature, unlike the members of Cabinet who are former parliamentarians, who is in charge of acting as a substitute to the grand secretariat in instances of illness, death, or national urgency. The deputy secretariat is specifically appointed by the head of government as a close confidante, and will hold the position for as long as their appointer holds that of grand secretariat.

Cabinet
The Cabinet of Ministers of Galvia, also referred to simply as 'the government', is an institution in the executive branch of government formed by the Grand Secretariat as its chairman, and the 21 ministers of Galvia. All ministers in Galvia are former members of the lower house of the Federal Assembly, who can no longer exercise their position as legislator once they've been appointed as ministers by the Grand Secretariat. Per constitutional law, the Grand Secretariat is the only person in government allowed to appoint and remove members to and from the Cabinet, this used to not be the case before 1986, when the Monarch of Galvia also held the power to dissolve government should they see fit. The constitution also dictates that 1/8 of the Cabinet must be formed by members of the opposite party to the head of government or are independent politicians. As of 2022, this applies to 3 out of the 21 ministers in Cabinet.