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Leánmór-Taharau, officially the Federated States of Leánmór-Taharau (FSLT), is an island country in the southern Osamian Ocean and part of the Osamian continent. It consists of three main regions - Taharau, or the Big Island, the Kapu Islands, and the Mararo Islands, along with the distant Ogar Island. It is the second-largest island country by area, covering 541,615 square kilometers (209,119 miles). Leánmór-Taharau's nearest neighbors are Yuchvan, which is separated from Leánmór-Taharau by the Strait of Bragan, !COUNTRY to the north, and !COUNTRY to the east. Leánmór-Taharau's unique and varied geography, which includes the Scamaill Mountains, are caused by the region's high tectonic activity. Leánmór-Taharau's capital city is Fenasocrú, and its largest city is Bronfach, its former capital.

Leánmór-Taharau's Big Island was first settled by humans around 20,000 BCE, whose settlers formed the Taharauan cultures which include the Kapu and Mararo Islander cultures and dozens of subcultures. Salian explorer and clan leader Faolán Bragan in 1702, who claimed almost the entirety of modern Leánmór-Taharau in 1710 and received a charter for it in 1725 through his Clan Bragan Company. Raids and wars waged by other Salian companies for the charter led to self-government in 1810 and the subsequent Coimeádaithe one-party state which lasted over a century. Seceding from Salia in 1909 and joining the Osamian Federation, Leánmór-Taharau declared its independence in the 1951 Revolution of Flowers, exiled the Coimeádaithe government, and formed a multicultural, egalitarian federal republic after centuries of conflict between the Salian Leánmórian colonists and native Taharauans. Today, some 18.5 million Leánmórian-Taharauans are of Salian descent, with the Taharauan minority trailing just behind at about 17.7 million. Leánmór-Taharau's culture is reflected by this, with its official languages being Osamach, Taharauan, Kapuan, Mararoan, and Leánmórian-Taharauan Sign Language.

Despite its history as a relatively poor nation dependent on natural resource exports, Leánmór-Taharau is currently a developed country with a high standard of living and ranks highly on comparisons of national performance, such as quality of life, education, protection of civil liberties, government transparency, and economic freedom. Leánmór-Taharau is known for its drastic increase in civil rights after the Revolution of Flowers, being one of the first countries to provide codified rights for queer and disabled people and officially recognize non-binary gender identities. Leánmór-Taharau's economy rapidly transformed into an industrialized economy focused on manufacturing and services during the 1960s and 1970s and liberalized its trading policy with other nations. The service sector still dominates Leánmór-Taharau, followed by tourism, manufacturing, mining, and agriculture. Nationally, legislative authority is invested in the unicameral Fenaruru with the Rahi as its acting head of state and government, currently Aimata Murihau. Leánmór-Taharau is organized into 25 states and two autonomous states, and includes the Federal Dependency of Ogar.

Leánmór-Taharau is a member of the World Forum and a partner of the Southern Prosperity League.

Etymology
The name "Leánmór-Taharau” is a union of the country's two constituent names, Leánmór and Taharau. The name "Leánmór" is Cídeach for "big island" and is the origin of the colloquial name "the Big Island" when referencing Taharau. Taharau is derived from the Taharauan word for "beach," taha, and the word for "tree," rau. Despite the overall language shift from Cídeach to Osamach during the country's history, the Cídeach name "Leánmór" has been left unchanged.

Merging the names Leánmór and Taharau together was first agreed to in the Unity Agreement of 1952 and officialized in the country's Bunreacht soon after. When referring to the country domestically, citizens usually use either name separately, while internationally, both names are used with a hyphen or, when shortened, referred to the acronym "LT".

Indigenous prehistory
Human habitation of Leánmór-Taharau is said to have begun around 20,000 years ago, with peoples from western Osamia moving through modern Leánmór-Taharau to settle Tiridinia. Some people had stayed behind, making their homes in what would become the Big Island and the Kapu and Mararo Islands through land bridges and smaller sea crossings. Kanaua Cave, in the western part of the Big Island, is the oldest preserved site showcasing human presence in Leánmór-Taharau, evidenced by cave paintings drawn somewhere around 18,000 BCE according to radiocarbon dating.

Over thousands of years, several distinct subcultures formed in Leánmór-Taharau, with the largest being those of the united Big Islander culture, Kapu Islander culture, and Mararo Islander culture. By the time of Salian contact with the Big Island, several larger tribes had formed with their own societies and economies, though united in the overall Taharauan cultural identity. Kapu and Mararo Islanders, separated from the Big Island, formed their own cultures and languages.

Not much is known exactly about pre-contact Leánmór-Taharau as native Taharauans rarely kept written records that have survived to the modern day. However, Taharauans’ oral histories are extensive, though not considered very reliable by historians. Taharauans’ main oral history describing the history of their people, called the Avae (story,) tells of a large war called the Motu Taputo (island war) that occurred between two large tribes on the Big Island called the Kanu and Mokuta, both of which made themselves extinct due to their warfare. Archaelogical remains on the Big Island corroborate the fact a large, island-spanning war occurred in the early 12th century, with an abundance of war paraphernalia such as axes, spears, and slingers coming from this century according to radiocarbon dating. Despite this evidence, it is unknown whether the Kanu or Mokuta really existed, and some historians consider them legendary, representative of real tribes that warred with each other in pre-contact Leánmór-Taharau.

Early colonial era
Salian clan chief and explorer Faolán Bragan first discovered the Big Island in 1702, naming the island Leánmór, literally meaning “Big Island” in Cídeach and the derivative for the Big Island’s translated name. Having thoroughly explored and documented the Big Island’s northern coast and the Kapu Islands, he claimed the entirety of Taharau for his clan and formed the Clan Bragan Company, which in turn was granted their claim over Taharau by the government. Salian settlers landed in what would become the city of Bronfach in 1710, nowadays the country’s largest city. Relations with native Taharauans were relatively peaceful for the era, with colony towns writing and signing land treaties to acquire land unsettled by the native Taharauans, some of which are still in effect in the modern era. Though there were some skirmishes between Salians and Taharauans, these never escalated into full-scale war - however, some conflicts led to the destruction of both native and Salian settlements and planted the seeds for the native Taharauans’ fight for their homeland.

Clan Bragan’s ownership of Leánmór was solidified in 1725 with the officialization of their claim over the region in the Leánmór Charter granted by the government as a certificate of its ownership of the land. This attracted the attention of other clans looking to claim this new territory, and so some minor clans launched raids on the Big Island’s northern coast to increase their influence in the region and force Clan Bragan into submission. However, Clan Bragan successfully defended against most of these raids.

Overall, other companies did more to complicate Clan Bragan’s ownership of Taharau than the minor clans. Company policy in Salia dictated that the company with the physical copy of a charter was the legal owner of the charter’s territory. A lack of laws protecting physical ownership of charters led to espionage and war to acquire charter copies common between companies and the clans that owned them. The Clan Bragan Company and their Leánmór Charter was no different, and this policy led to the Charter War, which occurred from 1750 to 1754, which was fought between Clan Bragan and Clan Dubhagáinn and their companies. The Clan Dubhagáinn Company, the rival clan’s company. was looking to acquire the Charter through warfare, but Breasail Bragan, the son of Faolán Bragan and then chief of the Bragan Clan, famously defended the Charter in the Battle of Braotháin in 1754, having even fought Dubhagáinn company forces with his bare hands in the Braotháin Watchtower. Braotháin Watchtower is now a national landmark and tourist attraction.

After this display of Clan Bragan’s defense tactics, other clans and companies opted to leave Leánmór alone for the next sixty years, finding their attempts at acquiring the Charter more expensive than it was worth. This allowed the Clan Bragan Company to develop the land more, with new settlements opening in the interior of the country which profited from growing pineapples and the resulting pineapple trade. This is usually why the interior of the north of the Big Island is usually referred to as “Tír Thoraidh,” or “Fruit Country.”

Late colonial era
Self-government was granted to Leánmór in 1810 after a brief naval conflict between Clan Bragan and Clan Brádaigh, a rival clan. Looking to claim the southern half of the Big Island, which wasn’t as populated as the north, Clan Brádaigh decided to display a show of force with a pitched naval battle at Cape Taobhaille, a marker located right in the very southeast corner of the Big Island. Clan Bragan’s naval forces in the area were challenged by Clan Brádaigh’s forces, which were starting to threaten trade in the area, so a force was mustered to meet them at Cape Taobhaille. Though Clan Bragan’s naval forces were outnumbered three to one, they managed to secure a miraculous victory with the help of a local thunderstorm wrecking several of Clan Brádaigh’s ships. Many of the old wrecks from the Battle of Cape Taobhaille are still where they sank.

After this battle, Clan Bragan made a bid to Salia’s central government to grant Leánmór home rule over its own government, which would supersede the Leánmór Charter and effectively prevent any other clans from claiming the land for themselves. Looking to stabilize the region permanently due to its important crop trade, the Salian government agreed under the stipulation that Leánmórwould remain a part of the nation and pay taxes to the government. Also, the Eduran Expeditionary Company (EEC,) which was by this point Salia’s main trading forum, would have the rights to many of Leánmór’s gold and silver mines along with its fertile islands, which raked in profits with the cultivation of sugar and tobacco. Though this last part of the deal made Clan Bragan unhappy, it was better than losing half of the Big Island, so they accepted these terms.

The first colonial constitution, the Bunreacht, was written in 1811, and elections were slated for every four years starting in 1814. The Bunreacht was a progressive constitution for its time, guaranteeing freedom of speech and of peaceable assembly - however, it was notable for disenfranchising larger Taharauan tribes, especially the Kapu and Mararo Islanders whose lands were incredibly fertile and useful for planting sugar and tobacco. Furthermore, it officialized Ayekism as the region’s official religion as the leader of Clan Bragan at this time, Lonán Bragan, was a devoutly religious Ayekist. Governments led by the Coimeádaithe (Conservatives) of Leánmór, elected throughout much of the mid-19th century, were heavily against making native Taharauans citizens under the pretense that Leánmór was a nation for Salians. This exempted the natives from paying taxes but disallowed them to own land outside of clan reservations and barring them from the right to vote or run for office. As more Salians settled the islands throughout the late 19th century, native Taharauans grew more disenfranchised, becoming a minority in their own homeland and suffering from increasingly segregationist laws.

With increased frustration during this time, the native Taharauans of Leánmór began fighting back in small guerrilla movements. In a time known as the Struggle, which began in the 1880s and ended with the nation’s secession from the Osamian Federation, native Taharauans started fighting back. Salian towns would periodically be attacked, their police stations and military outposts burnt to the ground. Some natives outright protested in the streets, leaving their clan reservations and crowding colony town streets. These would usually be broken up by the police.

Gold was discovered in the Scamaill Mountains in 1882, which led to the Scamaill Gold Rush, lasting until 1894. This gold rush led to massive profits for both Clan Bragan and the EEC, and led to the creation and then desertion of many towns in the mountains, some of which are still standing. Disputes over land ownership led to town militias created by gold barons fighting small wars with each other in the mountains, creating a reputation of lawlessness and greed for the Scamaill Mountains and its gold miners. One of these battles, the Battle of Gordhain, was fought over the deed to a local gold mine between the Scamaill Gold Company and Leánmór Mining Company, two gold mining companies who made large fortunes off of mining gold in the region. The battle occurred in 1893 between thousands of paid town militia and mercenaries, leading to the deaths of over 1,500 militiamen and civilians and the destruction of Gordhain entirely through resulting fires.

The Battle of Gordhain led to the passing of the Fair Land Ownership Act of 1894 which prevented Leánmórian companies from hiring militias or mercenaries to further their interests and set standards and regulations on claiming unclaimed land. The Fair Land Ownership Act of 1894 effectively ended the Scamaill Gold Rush as the government facilitated the orderly buying of land in the Scamaill Mountains between companies to prevent further militia wars.

Federation era
Leánmór left Salia in 1909 after the Salian home government, which was still nominally under control of the Clan Bragan Company, seceded from Salia to join the neighboring Osamian Federation at a bid for long-term independence. This occurred mainly due to Clan Bragan’s deal with the EEC upon the establishment of home rule in 1810; by this point, the EEC controlled almost 50% of the farms and mines in Leánmór due to the terms of Leánmór’s home rule treaty, something Clan Bragan had been attempting to lower via negotiations for decades. However, none of their attempts managed to lower the EEC’s influence over Leánmór, and while Salia was busy with the First World War, Leánmór seceded peacefully. Leánmór’s government seized all EEC property in the country, which helped lead to the EEC’s downfall twelve years later.

The colonial Bunreacht constitution was carried over into the newly-independent Leánmórian government, and the country was originally organized into a unitary semi-presidential republic as an autonomous member of the Osamian Federation. By this point, Leánmór was entirely under the control of Salian colonial elites that furthered the Coimeádaithe political agenda.

The country remained in this status quo for decades in what’s known as the Federation era. Leánmórians of Salian descent and native Taharauans were effectively segregated, with native reservations growing smaller and smaller in areas where the colonial elite had the most power. Sharecropping increased on Leánmórian-owned plantations, where Taharauans were hired for working the land and paid in crops or dirt-poor wages. The modern government has since decried this period as an age of Leánmórian-Taharauan inequality, and it’s generally recognized the Federation period only made the Struggle more prevalent.

Leánmór was effectively a one-party state with the Coimeádaithe winning every general election from 1910 to 1950. The Coimeádaithe was incredibly slow with political reforms due to its conservative nature. Non-landowners weren’t given the right to vote until 1920, and women’s suffrage wasn’t enacted until 1928. The gold standard wasn’t abolished until 1938 due to the interests of Clan Bragan, who still held some control as lobbyists and politicians in Parliament, who owned large amounts of gold.

A constitutional crisis in 1922, known as the Crisis of 1922, occurred when Coimeádaithe party leader Donnán Brannagan was elected president in the 1922 presidential elections. As the Coimeádaithe also won the Parliament elections, which occurred that year, Brannagan became prime minister and president at the same time. This had never happened before and had basically given Brannagan near-dictatorial powers over both the executive and legislative branches of government as long as his party held a majority - which it did. After attempting and failing to brute-force the Press Protection Act of 1923, a bill said to protect the nation’s press via regulations but really only limited criticism against the ruling party, which happened to be the Coimeádaithe, a vote of no-confidence occurred in which Brannagan lost his position as prime minister and was subsequently impeached from his position as president a year later in 1924. This ordeal led to the drafting of a new Bunreacht which created a unitary parliamentary republic with an executive presidency - as such, the positions of president and prime minister no longer existed, being merged into a new position of government. This position was as the party leader of the ruling party in Parliament and was called the Chief Executive.

The Coimeádaithe continued its rule during the Federation era despite the Crisis of 1922, keeping power mainly through vote-rigging and voter intimidation and suppression. As an autonomous republic of the Osamian Federation, Leánmór enjoyed more control of its politics and economy than other constituents of the Federation, though they still enjoyed the benefits of the Federation’s national revitalization programs. Leánmór’s official policy with the Osamian Federation was that as long as Leánmór could act independently domestically, they would move forward with the Federation.

Not everyone in Leánmór agreed with the Coimeádaithe’s consistent rule. Leánmór’s status as a one-party state with more focus on the country’s natural resources than the people, along with the ramping violence occurring in the Struggle, frustrated liberals, leftists, and Taharauan natives in Leánmór who looked for reform. The Unionists, or Aontachtach, was a party founded in 1932 to challenge the Coimeádaithe’s rule over Leánmór and was made up of disenfranchised left-wing elements in Leánmór, from left-of-center liberals to communists. Though Aontachtach saw little electoral success until 1954, it was a powerful grassroots force that led protests and marches all over the country against the Coimeádaithe.

Tensions rose with the increasing violence of the Struggle, with native Taharauans escalating the conflict with terrorist attacks including bombings on police stations and gated communities housing Leánmórians. Hundreds if not thousands died in the Federation period of the Struggle, and foreign ideas of egalitarianism only made matters worse. The straw that broke the camel’s back was the Second Great Southern War. Leánmór didn’t participate, but the resulting economic downturn ended the confidence economists had in the Coimeádaithe government. Thousands lost their jobs, inflation ramped up making basic goods such as bread and eggs incredibly expensive, and the housing market grew expensive as house construction halted as Federation construction material imports became too expensive to regularly pay for.

In March of 1951, protests began to regularly occur calling for the Coimeádaithe government, which had just won its 20th consecutive victory in Parliament and for the presidency a year earlier, to resign and organize a snap election. Of course, the government refused, but with the ongoing economic downturn and increasing hostility amongst Leánmórians and native Taharauans due to the Struggle, the protests continued. The independence of several republics from the Osamian Federation that summer only inspired more protests with Leánmórian nationalists turning against the Coimeádaithe, who were traditionally their allies. Political violence ramped up in the summer of 1951, now called the Bloody Summer, with the police and paramilitaries founded by the Coimeádaithe, including the powerful Sons of Bragan, beating and killing hundreds of protesters and political dissidents. The publicization of the murder of three college students protesting in Bronfach by members of the Sons of Bragan, called the Bronfach Three, made the people even more angry.

The foundation of a military junta in the Osamian Federation was the main catalyst for what would become the Revolution of Flowers. In August of 1951, protesters in Bronfach began gathering around the Palace of Parliament and throwing rocks at the building’s security guards and paramilitaries. It was an unusually hot day, and the deaths of the Bronfach Three had infuriated the people of Bronfach. Eventually, the Sons of Bragan paramilitary attempted to quell the protests with tear gas, but one of the paramilitary members managed to kill a protester with their baton. By this point, several armed protesters began shooting at the paramilitary, leading to a firefight on the steps of the Palace of Parliament. A police armory was broken into and other protesters began arming themselves, pushing up the steps and forcing dozens of pro-government paramilitary members to flee from the battle. The Coimeádaithe government evacuated the building to the nearby town of Horach by trucks, and the Palace of Parliament was abandoned entirely. The protesters eventually flooded into the building.

At this point, dozens anti-government politicians and activists, including Aontachtach leader Naomhán Rothláin, native activist Manu Alunu, and anti-government militant Oscar Cianáin, had been welcomed into the Palace of Parliament, where they proclaimed the end of the Coimeádaithe government and the establishment of a provisional government. Though there were fears of a civil war, former chief executive Ruadhán Caomhánach officially resigned, along with the rest of the government, just three days later, and Caomhánach fled to Gladomyr.

Famously, the Revolution of Flowers is so named because after the government fled the Palace of Parliament, a flower truck owned by local florist Marcus Fathaigh passed out flowers to protesters for free to celebrate their victory. The name “Revolution of Flowers” also connotes the relative peaceful transition of power that occurred due to the Revolution, as civil war in Leánmór was prevented and, beyond the skirmish on the steps of the Palace of Parliament, no fighting occurred.

Post-Revolution era
After the Revolution of Flowers, the political structure of Leánmór changed drastically as a result of the end of the one-party system under the Coimeádaithe. The provisional government elected Rothláin as provisional party leader and chief executive of the now-ruling Aontachtach government, with fellow politician and member of Parliament Breandán Seoige effectively an unofficial second-in-command for Rothláin. The Rothláin-Seoige partnership was famous in post-Revolution Leánmórian politics as effectively the founders of the modern Leánmórian-Taharauan state.

Throughout 1952, the provisional government in the Palace of Parliament had made a grand number of changes to Leánmór’s laws, government, and style. Native interest groups had a major hand in deciding the future of the country - their native name for Leánmór, Taharau, was included in the new official international name for the country as Leánmór-Taharau and both names were made official separately domestically. The position of Chief Executive was renamed to the Rahi, the Taharauan word for “chief” or “leader,” and Parliament was renamed to the Fenaruru, meaning “council.”

The Unity Agreement, passed by the provisional government on 12 December of 1952, effectively ended the country’s segregationist policies and abolished the clan reservations Taharauans were forced into. Taharauans were now allowed to become citizens, vote, buy land wherever they pleased, and run for office. 12 December is now a national holiday, Unity Day, which celebrates egalitarianism and freedom for all peoples in Leánmór-Taharau.

A federal system was created, replacing Leánmór-Taharau’s unitary system of government, so that no people in Leánmór-Taharau would ever go unrepresented. States were created based on geographical, cultural, and ecological differences so that conflict would be minimized between who represented which state, and the old native reservations were entirely abolished.

Furthermore, a bill of rights separate from the new Bunreacht was created called the Bukafara, Taharauan for “constitution of rights.” The Bukafara guaranteed the freedom of speech, religion, the press, and peaceable assembly, declared all citizens of Leánmór-Taharau equal under the law, and established Leánmór-Taharau’s modern human rights policies. With the new Bunreacht and Bukafara finally finished by late 1953, the Federated States of Leánmór-Taharau was established, which continues on as the government of Leánmór-Taharau to this day. The first election after the Revolution of Flowers occurred in October of 1954, in which the Aontachtach won a majority in the Fenaruru, subsequently banning the Coimeádaithe from operating in Leánmór-Taharau under the pretenses of its reign of terror and banishing the living members of Clan Bragan from the country for their part in the preservation of the Coimeádaithe government.

Modern era
Since the foundation of the Federated States of Leánmór-Taharau, the country’s industrial and economic strength, along with its quality of life, drastically increased with subsequent Aontachtach governments. Large efforts were made to help the underprivileged Taharau population, with infrastructure being built in largely Taharauan areas, especially in the southern Big Island. The Kapu and Mararo Islanders, who had their own distinct cultures and were somewhat far from the central government’s rule, were granted autonomy as autonomous states within the federal government, which overall lowered their taxes paid to the government and allowed them greater leeway in passing their own laws and policies in accordance with the central government.

In 1962, oil was discovered off the central coast of the northern Big Island, which was immediately exploited by both native and foreign oil companies. Leánmór-Taharau made a great fortune off of its petroleum industry, which it used to invest into the burgeoning manufacturing industry, especially in regards to products made from gold, silver, and tobacco. A focus was created on manufacturing civilian appliances, which were expensive to import. The resulting appliance manufacturing industry developed in the next decade made appliances such as refrigerators, ovens, and laundry machines much more cheap and accessible, increasing the quality of life of the people further. In 1970, construction on Leánmór-Taharau’s current capital, Fenasocrú began. Located centrally within the country, its location was chosen due to its strategic position and proximity to both the northwest and southeast portions of the Big Island. Among the structures built in the Fenasocrú development included a new Fenaruru building, large housing units, commercial zones, and factories. Finished by 1978, Fenasocrú became a successful example of planned cities and inspired other planned settlements in Leánmór-Taharau.

The Leánmórian-Taharauan economy shifted greatly from a focus on natural resources to focuses on high-end manufacturing and services since the end of the Revolution of Flowers as opportunities came to develop a more stable economy. Though products such as gold, silver, and cash crops still have a place in Leánmór-Taharau’s modern economy, since the Revolution these jobs have been largely mechanized and with a greater emphasis on creating refined goods from these resources. Furthermore, as banking developed in Leánmór-Taharau, accounting services and retail grew more important in the country, and more people moved from the farms and mines to the cities looking for work.

Rahi Aodh Meadhra, an Aontachtach leader during the 60s and 70s, focused the country’s economy on export-oriented industrialization, which greatly increased the country’s economic strength and moved it away from meager resource exporting. During Meadhra’s administration, Leánmór-Taharau’s highway and rail systems expanded rapidly to facilitate transport of natural resources to factories, and public transport in the cities were improved to help workers get to their jobs and homes more quickly. Meadhra’s Five Year Plans, which focused development on industrial parks in major cities such as Bronfach, helped bring 24-hour electricity to every corner of the country and created several state-owned companies focused on providing power and water to the people at reasonable prices.

By the 1980s, the country’s politics diversified, as new parties formed to challenge the rule of the Aontachtach. A new party called the Traidisiúnta, or traditionalists, formed as a conservative party against the Aontachtach in 1982, and achieved its goal to become the main conservative party of Leánmór-Taharau in the 1990 elections, which they won the position of Rahi and a majority in the Fenaruru in. In 1992, a ranked choice voting system was enacted, which further encouraged Leánmórian-Taharauans to form their own parties and run for office.

At the turn of the 21st century, Leánmór-Taharau has put extra focus on its tourism and service industries, with government subsidies going to hotels, national parks, historic sites, cruise companies, and amusement parks. As part of the 2006 Aontachtach government’s “And I Saw Leánmór-Taharau” program, greater emphasis on international tourism to Leánmór-Taharau has been prioritized, with the number of tourists visiting Leánmór-Taharau doubling from 2007 to 2010.

Geography and environment
Leánmór-Taharau is located in central Osamia, and is made up of one large island, six smaller islands, and more than 1,000 smaller islands. Taharau, also known as the Big Island, consists of two larger landmasses in the northwest and southeast and is connected by a small isthmus. Besides Taharau, the five largest inhabited islands are Mararo, Kapu, Mararo Iti, Kapuruna, and Kaluiki.

Taharau is long and narrow in the northwest and relatively equidistant in size in the southeast. Both sides of Taharau have one large freshwater lake - Lake Mou’a and Lake Ninamu, respectively - which provide extensive water resources. Furthermore, the nation’s many far-flung islands provide Leánmór-Taharau extensive marine resources and one of the largest exclusive economic zones in the world. In the northeast half of Taharau, active volcanoes line the coasts, while in the southeastern half, the Scamaill Mountains dominate the region’s geography, which provide gold and silver. The Hauka Volcanic Zone, which covers the northwestern corner of the country, is home to frequent volcanic eruptions and earthquakes, and provides the country with most of its geothermal energy. Bronfach, the largest city in Leánmór-Taharau by population, suffers from frequent ash warnings and smog due to its proximity to active volcanoes.

The Scamaills hold twenty peaks that are over 3,000 meters (9,800 ft), the highest of which is Mount Aontach-Mataha at 4,749 meters (15,582 ft) which is also the highest point in the Osamian continent. The Scamaills are notable for retaining their ice caps year-round despite Leánmór’s surrounding climate. The Scamaills’ steep mountains and fjords record the region’s glaciation from the ice age, which was once extensive.

Notable in Leánmór-Taharau’s geography is the microcontinent of Kapuia, a relatively small geological formation that contributes to much of the northwest’s volcanic activity despite its central location in the Osamian continent. A study from the University of Cape Taobhaille estimated that Kapuia only has a few more million years to exist until it’s subdued into the Osamian plate completely from erosion and subduction under the incoming Skephon plate.

Leánmór-Taharau owes its volcanic activity to numerous fault lines within the Osamian Ocean and faults along Osamia and Tiridinia’s continental boundaries. Osamia and Tiridinia’s continental collision has resulted in the formation of the Scamaill Mountains, which are formed by subduction of Osama under Tiridinia.

The Scamaill Mountains’ high gold and silver content is evidence of its previous history as a volcanic range similar to the Hauka Volcanic Zone. Obsidian deposits have shown that the Scamaills indeed used to be volcanic as a result of the Osamian continent’s crust subduing under Tiridinia, but at some point in the past millions of years, volcanic activity mostly ceased.

Climate
Leánmór-Taharau's climate is predominately temperate maritime (Köppen: Cfb), with mean annual temperatures ranging from 17 °C (63 °F) in the south to 25 °C (77 °F) in the north. Historical maxima and minima are 45.2 °C (113.36 °F) in Atua, Kapu and -38.5 °C (-37.3 °F) in the Federal Dependency of Ogar. Leánmór-Taharau is moderately more humid than other countries on average, though there are small dry regions nearby Cape Taobhaille in the southeast. Port Taobhaille is the driest city on average, receiving only 580 millimeters (22.8 in) of rain per year and Rahana the wettest, receiving over twice that amount. The entire country receives over 2,000 hours of sunshine per year, which contributes to Leánmór-Taharau's extensive agriculture capacity. The northwest part of the Big Island is warmer and wetter, while the southeast part is cooler and drier. The general snow season is early June until early October, though unexpected snow can result from large volcanic eruptions, and snowfall is common in the Scamaill Mountains. Furthermore, snow is common in the southern islands, especially Lohuna, and it snows year-round on Ogar Island as it sits within the southern polar ice cap. The driest part of Leánmór-Taharau, the Taobhaille Badlands National Park, is a unique biome in Leánmór-Taharau and protected by the federal government. The central region of the southeastern part of the Big Island is its many pine forests as a result of the Scamaill Mountains, allowing unique coniferous plants to thrive in the cooler temperatures at the base of the mountains.

Demographics
The 2020 Leánmór-Taharau census enumerated a resident population of 38,524,396, an increase of 24.2% since the 2010 census figure. As of January 2023, the total population has risen to an estimated 40,395,756. Leánmór-Taharau’s population increased at a rate of 2.4% per year from 2010 to 2020, and in June 2022 announced that the population had climbed to over 40,000,000 people according to population estimates based in the 2020 census.

Though Leánmór-Taharau’s population has historically been concentrated in the northwest, since the late 19th century settlers have been choosing the southeast of the Big Island as their home starting with the Scamaill Gold Rush. The amount of people living in either side of the Big Island in proportion to its total population is about equal, with the northwest population at 52.7% and the southeast population at 47.3%. The country's center of population is located near the middle of the Big Island on its northern coast in the Ramui Sea, while in the early 20th century it was located nearby Anurara, Bohe.

Leánmór-Taharau is a predominately urban country, with around 80% of the country living in an urban center. The remaining 20% live in rural areas such as farms and ranches, which occupy the northwest of the Big Island and the surrounding autonomous islands mostly. 52% of people live in cities with over 100,000 people, and Bronfach is the most populated city in Leánmór-Taharau with 4.2 million residents. Leánmórian-Taharauan cities generally rank high on international livability measures, with Bronfach ranked as the fifth-most livable city in the world and Fenasocrú thirteenth in a study from the University of Ascara.

The median age of the population of Leánmór-Taharau is 36.6 years. The average life expectancy for males is 80.1, while for females it's 82.4. Leánmór-Taharau has recently been experiencing sub-replacement fertility as a result of its developed status, with a fertility rate of 1.8, and its median age is expected to rise to 43 years old by 2050. In 2020, the leading cause of death was heart disease at 32.2%, followed by cancer (15.7%) and liver disease (14.5%).

Ethnicity and immigration
In the 2020 census, 50% of Leánmór-Taharau residents identified ethnically as Alutran, 46% as of native descent including of Taharauan, Kapuan, and Mararoan descent, and the remaining 4% as other, with most of these respondents coming from Osamia and Kasare. In recent years, Leánmór-Taharau has become a more diverse, multicultural nation as efforts to protect refugees from foreign wars and overall increased desirability increased immigration greatly. Most immigrants moving into Leánmór-Taharau have settled in the cities, and ethnic neighborhoods such as Bronfach's New Kiribala district have formed in the urban areas.

Though the term "Leánmórian-Taharauan" is used internationally as an official exonym, Leánmórian-Taharauans choose between using the term "Leánmórian" or "Taharauan" for their domestic legal demonym and declaration of ethnicity. Usually, those of Alutran descent use the term Leánmórian and native islanders use Taharauan. When immigrating to Leánmórian-Taharauans, immigrants have the option of choosing either term.

Humans first colonized Leánmórian-Taharauans over twenty thousand years ago, with Salian colonization occurring by the 1700s. From that point, most immigrants came from Salia, though there were some who were from Gladomyr, Lathadu, Ordrey, and other countries in Alutra. During the Second Great Southern War, immigrants from Osamia increased in number and Alutran immigration decreased due to Leánmór-Taharau's membership in the Osamian Federation and their proximity to the war. After the Revolution of Flowers, immigration became much more diversified and equal between regions, except for a period during the Jangal civil war in the 1980s in which overall Jangal immigration skyrocketed and fell back down again by the early 1990s. In 2007, the government issued a plan to provide paths to citizenship for every illegal immigrant in the country, which increased the number of citizens in Leánmór-Taharau in the thousands by 2010. Over half (52.2%) of Leánmór-Taharau's foreign-born population lives in the Bragantalam region, especially in Bronfach. Salia remains the largest source of Leánmór-Taharau's immigrant population, with about a third of all foreign-born Leánmórian-Taharauans born there; other major sources include Jangal, Yuchvan, Lakau, and Onaway, with the latter two coming from fee-paying international students attending Leánmórian-Taharauan colleges and universities.

Language
Leánmór-Taharau has five official languages: Osamach, Taharauan, Kapuan, Mararoan, and Leánmórian-Taharauan Sign Language. All languages are formally equal in the Leánmórian-Taharauan government, but Osamach and Taharauan are predominately spoken by most of the country's population. According to the 2020 census, 86% of all Leánmórian-Taharauans can speak both Osamach and Taharauan, and over 99% can speak either language either as a first or second language. 47% of the population reported being able to speak either Kapuan or Mararoan either as a first or second language, and Leánmórian-Taharauan Sign Language is known by 20% of the population. Both Osamach and Taharauan are spoken predominately over Kapuan and Mararoan, the other official spoken languages, except in the Kapu and Mararo Autonomous States where their native languages take precedence over the others.

Osamach is a language derived directly from Cídeach, one of the Salian languages. Settlers who moved to Leánmór-Taharau during the colonial era were predominately Cídeach, and as time went on, the distance from Salia and Leánmór-Taharau caused the formation of Osamach. Osamach differs from Cídeach mainly in its spelling, which is simplified, and its pronunciation with a focus on softer vowels and consonants. Osamach was influenced greatly by Taharauan in its early years, and took several words from its vocabulary either as official words or for local slang. Osamach is spoken as a first language mainly on the northwestern coast and the area around Cape Taobhaille, and Osamach neighborhoods are common in predominately-native cities.

As recorded in the 2020 census, Kijangwali is the most widely-spoken non-official language (3.7%), followed by Mākouan (3.4%), Tenkogul (2.2%,) and Cídeach (2.0%). Federal law mandates all secondary students take a foreign language class for at least two semesters of a year on top of both Osamach and Taharauan lessons, making Leánmór-Taharau's language education initiatives some of the most rigorous in the world.

Religion
Ayekism and the Taharauan folk religion share an almost equal amount of believers in Leánmór-Taharau. However, despite the majority of religious people, Leánmór-Taharau is one of the most secular countries in the world. In the 2020 census, 80% of respondents identified with one or more religions, while 20% of respondents indicated they had none or were simply spiritual but not religious. The most popular religions beyond Ayekism and the Taharauan folk religion are Mwenzinghetia and H'Ejrad, each with a 2.4% share in believers in Leánmór-Taharau.

Leánmór-Taharau is a secular state and does not recognize any language as official. The government follows a "freedom-from-religion" policy in which no law shall enforce a religion or its specific beliefs beyond what is reasonable for secular law. Political parties are not allowed to espouse beliefs or campaign on behalf of bringing church and state together, political institutions cannot enforce religious oaths, and churches are taxed. Furthermore, churches are barred from lobbying in the government or forming special interest groups to prevent churches from gaining influence in the government.

Urbanization
One online database lists Leánmór-Taharau having more than 10,400 cities and towns. The following are the largest cities and towns in Leánmór-Taharau.

Politics
Leánmór-Taharau is a parliamentary republic, but unlike most such republics, the Rahi is both the head of state and head of government and depends for his tenure on the confidence of the Fenaruru. The executive and legislature are all subject to the supremacy of the Bunreacht, but Leánmór-Taharau is unique in its lack of a judiciary branch. The Bunreacht is an evolving constitution, meaning that its laws and policies can change with votes in the Fenaruru; however, the Bukafara cannot legally be changed without a vote from over 75% of the Fenaruru's approval, and even then rights can only be granted, not taken away.

The Fenaruru is a unicameral parliament with 401 seats to prevent ties - abstain votes are not a valid response to votes in the Fenaruru. Seats in the Fenaruru are elected every five years, with elections following party-list proportional representation. The party leader of the party or coalition with the most seats becomes the Rahi after each general election, and can serve no more than two consecutive terms - if a Rahi's party loses the next election, they are automatically demoted from their party leader position and cannot become a party leader again. The Rahi appoints a Deputy Rahi and secretaries (each representing a department) who form the cabinet. The Fenaruru may remove the Rahi and the cabinet by a motion of no confidence. In the most recent election, held on October 7, 2022, the Aontachtach, a party that's a member of the Left Coalition alliance, won 42% of the vote and 168 of the seats, with the Glasag and Soisiadaon each winning 7% of the vote and 28 seats, forming a Left Coalition government with 56% of the vote and 224 seats in the Fenaruru. The main opposition party, the Traidisiúnta, won 38% of the vote and 152 seats, while other smaller parties took the rest of the vote and the seats in the Fenaruru. Politicians in Leánmór-Taharau are unable to run as independents due to the party-list system.

Elections since 1990 have been dominated by two political parties, the Aontachtach and the Traidisiúnta. The current prime minister is Aimata Murihau, who is the fourth Taharauan and second female Rahi, and also the first Rahi of both backgrounds. Current political issues in Leánmór-Taharau include the interests of oil companies and lobbying in the government, which attempts to curb oil defunding in the government, ethnic tensions between Leánmórians and Taharauans, and the autonomous status of the Kapu and Mararo Islands, which don't pay as much taxes to the federal government but also receive less investment as a result.

Administrative divisions
Each of the 25 states, as well as the two autonomous states, are governed by a unicameral legislature known as a State Fenaruru, which are elected by party-list proportional representation every five years. Each state elects a State Rahi during the federal general election, in which the local party leader of the party with the most seats or the leader of a coalition becomes State Rahi. A State Cabinet is appointed by the State Rahi after every election, which the State Rahi is free to appoint or dismiss as they please. The duties of the State Rahi are limited by the Bunreacht; they only hold jurisdiction in domestic matters such as health, law enforcement, public housing, transport, and the environment. Furthermore, state governments set their own taxes that allow them to fund public initiatives and pay members of State Fenarurus. State governments are not allowed to use private corporations or organizations to pay for what are constitutionally declared public duties.

Each state is divided into counties, and some have independent municipalities. Counties are divided into local municipalities, which govern at the local level. Independent municipalities perform the duties of both counties and local municipalities, as they govern with the power of counties but at the same level as local municipalities. Counties, local municipalities, and independent municipalities are under the jurisdiction of laws passed by state governments, but are able to set their own local taxes and ordinances regarding zoning.

The only territory in Leánmór-Taharau which doesn't follow this system is the Ogar Federal Dependency, which has no permanent population and is therefore governed by the federal government directly. The Secretary of the Interior is responsible for managing Ogar and its federal research stations, which are funded directly by the federal government.