Revivalism

Revivalism, also referred to as National Revivalism or National Rejuvenation, is a  that arose out of the revolutionary circumstances present during the tail end of the Velorenkan Ancien Regime. The collapse of the old monarchy and social agitation, economic hardships, and perceived incapability of the Velorenkan Federative Republic allowed the All-Velorenkan National Peoples Party and its allies to initiate the Great May National Revolution and proclaim the the Reborn Velorenkan Arekh, the first national revivalist state.

It is a movement characterized by its support for hardline blue concepts such as, or , while also retaining  qualities such as a  and the preference for a  to mobilize and guide society. A mixed economy heavily influenced by or Noyonist models are supported to varying degrees at both the political and economical levels to achieve economic equality, spur modernism, and reach some level of. Though heavy handed confiscatory policies with regards to is typically avoided by revivalists in addition to state recognition of private enterprises within. As an ideology National Revivalism is opposed to both extreme economic practices and the internationalist solidarism characterized by other Deep Blue ideologies.

National revivalists often invoke esoteric concepts regarding culture that may manifest itself as that demonizes cultural groups that have not adopted a revivalist form of government or are considered to be threats to the nation or incompatible with the ruling ethnocultural class.

Revivalism as an ideology is based off the writings and theories of Velorenkan intellectual Bazhel Aldetir, revolutionary Makhsom Starik, and the first Lazh of the Velorenkan Arekh, Raes Khosravi. The Revivalist ideology seeks a and subsequent  of culture, values, and society by adhering to principles of, syndicalism, passionartism, and.

Definition
Raes Khosravi is considered the founding ideologue of the Revivalist movement due in part to her chairmanship of the All-Velorenkan National Peoples Party (AVNPP) and later as the Supreme Leader of the Reborn Velorenkan Arekh. Besides her other notable contributors include AVNPP chairman Starik for the Staint Yazdoikakh Commune, and Bazhel Aldetir, who preceded both and laid the philosophical foundations of Passionism and Pan-Velorenkan thought.

As the first leader of a Revivalist State, the ideology largely resembled the personal views and goals of Khosravi until her death in 1951. During the time at the head of the AVNPP Revivalism rejected the conservativism of the ruling aristocracy prevalent within pre-revolutionary Velorenkya, in addition to the liberalism of the shaky republic by embracing romantic ideals as, , , and action. She saw both  and  as outdated and incompatible with the Velorenkan people and leading to the stagnation of society. Khosravi held that progress, modernity, and equity could then only be achieved through a revolution of the Velorenkan nation by overthrowing the old institution and ruling classes and replacing them with a state shepherded by Passionaries.

From its founding Revivalism was organic to modern Pan-Velorenkan nationalism and is thus considered a more nationalistic, militant, and esoteric alternative to the ideologically similar Noyonism.

Passionartism
Passionartism is the sociological philosophy of Velorenkan, , , and Pan-Velorenkan nationalist Bazhel K. Aldetir. While he never officially joined a political party, his theories for ethnos, ethnogenesis, and what he came to coin "passionarnost" made him a prominent speaker among both Pan-Velorenkan and even republican movements during the latter half of the Nineteenth Century. Writings he penned such as For Want of a New Beginning and The Steppe and the New Age also popularized the image and prevalence of Vadhariusan, Meryakh, and other minority steppe and mountain cultures within the Pan-Velorenkan movement. His ideas regarding the nature of cultures and passionarnost would later posthumously be known as passionaritism, and influence the basis of nationalist thought championed by Lazh Khosravi and the AVNPP.

Ethnogenesis
Aldetir saw national peoples as residing in several different categories: subethnos, ethnos, and superethnos. A culture's placement into these categories is subjective to the significant achievements it makes in regards to science and the humanities and the influence exerted upon or assimilation of surrounding cultures. Aldetir examined the Sedic Confederation and saw it as a prime example of the superethnos. While during its existence it exerted major ascendancy over the Alutran continent through conquest and submission, its influence would last long after its collapse. The common traits that were adopted or hybridized by the subordinate nations of the Ancient Ordish within the Sedic Confederation led to its creation as a superethnos. A uniquely Sedic identity that while heavily influenced by the Ancient Ordish, was altered by the inclusion and inter-mixing of the other ethnos led to the preeminence of the Sedic superethnos. Those traditions that remained organic to subordinate ethnos, including the Ordish, maintained those ethnos as unique and distinct but under the hegemony of the superethnos.

Aldetir believed that the cultural traits that fashion and influence an ethnic group are a combination of two factors: static and dynamic considerations. Static factors are the traditional ideas that social, political, technological, geographical modifications influence the interactions and traditions of a people. Being especially drawn to nature Aldetir would stress especially that geography constituted the major of the four in regards to it's influence on an ethnos. This being partially drawn from concepts to a degree that were especially prevalent during his time. As different nations inevitably migrate across land or climate alters the landscape, so too does a people's way of life change to better survive. Thus so does their culture alter in order to maintain compatibility with the surroundings.

Passionarnost
To describe the dynamic factors that influence an ethnos Aldetir introduced the term passionarnost. In his own words passionarnost is the "drive for great efforts". To Aldetir there were three different categorizations that an individual could fall into given their aptitude for passionarnost. Those being passionaries, harmonics, and sub-passionaries.

Passionaries are those whose drive and will for accomplishment supersede their own instincts of self-preservation. Their feats and goals can vary significantly, as can their physical prowess or intelligence. A passionary can be either morally upstanding, deplorable, or ambiguous. Aldetir classified both the virtuous saints of the Velorenkan religion and the greatest tyrants of the Imperial Period as passionaries. The only constant across history for passionaries is their unending pursuit of a higher goal and willingness to sacrifice. To Aldetir, "indifference and idle hands are the greatest foe to the passionary, who seeks to place themselves at the apex of history". To Aldetir passionaries are the major change of force for an ethnos and claimed that only was this a social concept, but a biological one. In biochemical terms passionarnost is a form of energy that directly affects human psychology and behavior. His theorization was then that passionarnost psychologically transforms impulses for action, overrides ideas of self-preservation, and spurs an individual's drive for accomplishing great feats. When passionaries reside then in sufficient number within an ethnos the capability for greatness, progress, and dynamic change is possible.

Harmonics are those people whose drive towards greater achievement is curtailed by their own sense of self-security and preservation. For all intents and purposes they are the "everyman". People whose major considerations are the upbringing of children and fulfilling the basic needs and pleasures of life. By no means are they dredges to society nor inferior to the passionary, being fully intelligent, articulate, and dutiful bound persons capable of agency. Yet Harmonics lack the inherent courage and superior drive of the passionaries. Harmonics always constitute the majority in any ethnos and therefore may contribute to it's static state due to their predisposition towards self-preservation.

The last level of passionarnost an individual may reside in is the sub-passionary. Such persons are incapable of maintaining social bonds or contributing meaningfully to society. The sub-passionary cares only to fulfill their self desires, leading to either extreme excess or deficiencies at the consequence of others. To Aldetir the sub-passionary were those aristocrats of the Empire who lacked a concept of labor due to their luxurious upbringing and vagabonds or criminals disinterested with the world. In Aldetir's own words "sub-passionaries neither strive to create their own path like passionaries, nor preserve their stake like a Harmonic, but instead leach off of others". When an ethnos becomes either politically dominated or socially slides into a sub-passionary majority, it begins to stagnate and decline.

Nationalism
Nationalism in the context of Revivalism focuses on the concepts presented by Bazhel Aldetir and passionartism. Revivalists view that a nation enters stagnation when sub passionaries, a label used to describe everything from autocratic monarchs, the, or traditional liberal republican parties, come to exert considerable influence upon the ethnos or superethnos. A palingenetic rebirth via revolution to unite the nation around the ideals of progress, modernity, and liberty is needed to revitalize and emancipate the people. It is then the duty of passionaries and harmonics alike to maintain the success of the revolution and spur development to fully realize the national reawaking.

The Revivalist notion of a nation can either a single ethnic group sharing the same language, culture, and customs, or be a greater patch work of peoples united by common traits yet each group retaining their own unique traditions. Velorenkan revivalists see the Arekh as being a superethnos that while constituting a Veloren majority, is made strong and capable only by the other minorities which contribute to the superethnos. Federal provinces within the Arekh are based around historical, tribal, and culturally significant geographical groupings to best represent ethnos. Other revivalist movements often celebrate and encourage interracial marriages and pregnancies among it's people to transcend the unique traits of the different ethnic groups that comprise the nation and create a single ethnicity representative of the superethnos.

Certain radical and influenced Revivalists have used the philosophy of passionartism to support their racist or supremacist centric viewpoints in regards tp the inferiority of ethnos or sub-ethnos. This was especially true of the National Velorenkan Democratic Workers Party, whose anti-Meryakh views and Veloren chauvinism led to their scrutiny and later banning by the Arekh government.

Economy
Raes Khosravi both subscribed to the philosophy of passionartism and was dedicated to certain syndicalist principles. She saw the class conflict divide between workers and the bourgeoise and the many critiques of capitalism to be evidence of an ethnos in decline. However her view was that workers were just a group within the greater Velorenkan superethnos, albeit one of the more important ones. To that end the AVNPP believed industrialists who mistreated their workers, provided harsh working conditions, and collected mass amounts of capital to be sub-passionaries and a major causation of the Arekh's consternation. Likewise the same applied to those members of the aristocracy who continued to enjoy the riches of their estates and wealthy landowners under the republican government.

Khosravi held syndicalism as the means by which national rebirth can be secured in the economic sector. The uniting and organizing of workers into syndicates or unions and the formation of labor councils would "cultivate a new generation of passionary labor leaders" and spur modernization and growth. To revivalists, syndicalist economic practices is the solution for the liberation of society from the bondage of sub-passionaries, bring about equity within an ethnos, and encourage individual agency.

Within Velorenkya this led to the subordination of the to trade unions which were legislatively organized into the Assembly of Syndicates, comprised of peoples' deputies representing specific sectors of the economy. Land reform and confiscation of large estates was also pursued in order to organize rural and tribal peasants into both syndicate operated farms or community cooperatives to maximize efficiency and local democracy.



Vanguardism
Oftentimes Revivalists believe it is necessary for the establishment of a vanguard party comprised of passionaries whose self-sacrificial drive and dedication may enable the effective leadership and mobilization of an ethnos in revolution. According to Khosravi the explicit purpose of the vanguard party is to shepherd the national revival of an ethnos and see to the transformation of power from sub-passionaries to the people. The party exists as the central organ and conduit from which the means of national revival begin and maintains the ideological and passionarnost purity of revivalism. Following the success of revolution and national rebirth, Khosravi believed that the purpose of the vanguard party diminished as "the character and drive for ambition innate to passionaries necessitates the conflict of platform and disagreement".

In regards to Velorenkya the All-Velorenkan National Peoples Party and it's National Revolutionary Army spearheaded the coup that overthrew the Federative Republic, though it could count among the support of several other syndicalist or nationalist parties and paramilitaries that shared their sentiments or goals. Though these other parties were never banned, the AVNPP (later renamed to the Party of Velorenkan National Rebirth) remained the dominant political party until the death of Khosravi.

Within the Reborn Velorenkan Arekh the principles of vanguardism and the oversight of passionaries is maintained via the Senate of the Arekh and the of the Arekh; the Lazh. The Senate of the Arekh is comprised of elder statesmen who are elected via nation wide direct vote every eight years. It's purpose as a deliberative body is the appointment, supervision, and dismissal of the Lazh. As enshrined by the constitution the Senate of the Arekh reviews candidates for the office of the Lazh that meet the criteria of "strict adherence to virtuous living, right social and political perspicacity, dedication to the ideals of justice, liberty, and revivalist thought, audacious and courageous leadership, and selfless service to All Velorenkans". In short, the Senate seeks out a passionary for the position of Supreme Leader who acts as the largely ceremonial head of state for the Reborn Velorenkan Arekh.

Pan Velorenkanism
Raes Khosravi and the AVNP saw that the Velorenkan superethnos and by extension those ethnos that constitute it had entered a period of stagnation and decline. Velorenkan society had been in a depression due to the "plague of aristocrats and later robber barons whose excess and destructive habits are only fueled by the labor of the people". The AVNP saw that the economic decline, social agitation, and weakness of the parliamentary republic that succeeded the Empire was evidence of superethnos deterioration due to it's domination by sub passionaries.