Renesia

Renesia, officially known as the Principality of Renesia, is a which is located in the northeast part of Alutra continent. To the east of Renesia lies Ecoralia, to the west of Renesia lies Velorenkya, to the south lies Galvia and to the north of it lies Onse Bay (locally called the Renesian Gulf). As of 2022, Renesia's population is estimated to be almost 7.5 million people, where 3.7 million are ethnic Renesian. The capital city is Renes.

Renesia is a Principality with an autocratic semi-feudal political system. The head of state and government is the Prince from the Tyriol family. Renesia's official religion is Isolate Stroomism. Renesian economy is focused on iron and steel, although Renesia has a respectable jewellery and gemstone market share and recently, there has been a surge in electronic equipment manufacturing and manufacturing defense equipment to sell it abroad. Renesia is divided into 9 provinces; each is allowed a certain degree of autonomy and a private army, although they need to seek the approval of their appointed Overseer before making drastic changes.

Etymology
Renes is an old Athelian word meaning 'Renewal' or 'Rejuvenation'; it was named by [NAME] of the Ilonan league in hopes of rejuvenating the league from its decline and strengthening Ilonan bond with the kingdom of Athelstan.

First league of Ilona
Renes is believed to be built by Ilona to control have better control over the Pon river and is estimated to have been around since 300 BCE. Renes quickly became a vital land trading hub which helped re-ignite Ilonan trade dominance. Even in the ensuing chaos after the fall of the Ilonan league in 180 CE, Renes managed to stay prosperous and well-defended thanks to the efforts of the Tyriol family.

Kingdom of Æðelstan
After the resurgence and dominance of the Æðelstan Kingdom in the region, the Æðelstan King sent the Ragner family to oversee Renes. Although, Renes experienced a great economic slowdown, with heavy taxes and other nations alienating Æðelstan from trade affected it negatively until 500 CE, when it recovered its trading hub status in the northern region thanks to King [name] economic reforms.

Varic empire
After the conquest of Æðelstan by the Varic empire, Renes was put under Varic rule; although Renes and the entire region were left autonomous but were assigned overseers and garrison from the empire. Renes became a flourishing city under the Varic empire's rule; having access to the empire's resources and trade network strengthened the city by a significant magnitude, it also helped that Renes was in the middle between the Ecoral nations to the east and [west nations] to the west. The Varic empire also introduced the Imperial Calendar to the Renesian region, which will later become the Renesian Calendar.

There were three prominent families that governed and influenced Renes political and economic situation in the imperial era; Tyriol, Ragner and Altmark. The Altmark family was considered the official rulers of Renes and were appointed by the empire, although the Tyriol were the most powerful.

The relationship between Ecoralanders and Varic Empire reached a breaking point in the mid-1100s, with the Samenwaterijk attempting to integrate Renesian ports and coastal cities into their system, prompting an invasion by Emperor Ludis III of the Varic Empire on Ecoraland taking away most of the countries resources and armies to guarantee a decisive victory on Ecoraland. Most Varic nobles supported the invasion, although the Renesian region did not support it, including Renes. As such, Emperor Ludis III increased the garrison in these cities to prevent rebellions from flaring up while the ruler is campaigning against Ecoraland. The army of Varic empire got destroyed by Kees the Great, killing Emperor Ludis III and most of his supporters; this led to many Renesian cities and nobles taking this opportunity to secede and become independent from the empire, including Renes.

The Republic
After the death of Emperor Ludis III, the Varic empire fell into turmoil. Various cities and nobles in the Renesian and Neziņas regions tried to leave the empire; the Renesian region saw more success since the empire was focused more on reining in the Neziņas region. One of the successful states was the Renesian republic, the predecessor of the Principality. Headed by Frederick Tyriol, Kuass Ragner, Rosa Ragner and Reinhart Altmark, they managed to take Renes and kick out the local Varic garrison, and on the 3rd of March established the Renesian republic, and the first elected Lord-Protector was Frederick Tyriol.

The Renesian republic slowly expanded by both diplomatic methods headed by Reinhart Altmark and conquest in a series of wars known today as Frederick's Wars, Frederick's Wars ended in 1163. Frederick Tyriol managed to maintain peace within Renesia after the wars that lasted until 1177, when he abdicated and let his son, Loren Tyriol, become the second elected Lord-Protector.

Loren Tyriol continued expanding the republic in a collection of wars known as Loren's Assaults and managed to the northern marches (today known as Erberg province), gaining him a powerful ally in the north. Loren also attempted to centralise the republic and weaken the Ragner and Altmark families. Although, the Ragner and Altmark families did not sit idle and resisted vehemently, which lead to the Thirteen days war, with Velvet Tyriol acting as a mediator, which ended in the Velvet treaty being established and transforming the republic into a.

Reunification of Renesia
The death of Prince Loren in 1226 caused a long series of succession wars which lasted until 1348, wherein Renesia was split off into multiple states, when Prince Edward II Tyriol finally managed to reunify Renesia and establish "Gewalter Erbe" system that is still used in modern-day Renesia. Prince Edward II attempted to move the Principality toward democracy or at least give more power to the people, although it was met with heavy opposition from the nobility, as such Prince Edward II only managed minor reforms such as creating "Prince's Court", the Overseer Position, and codified laws into the Renesian Authorities and Rights Canon which include the "The Common Right", which granted basic rights to all Renesian citizen, limiting the noble's abuse of power against their subjects and the Velvet treaty which confirmed nobilities rights. Prince Edward II also help fund the first university in Renesia, namely the Edward University.

The 25 years war and die Krahensoldaten
The Krahensoldaten (also known as the black army) were a group of mercenaries created by Prince Edward II in the early 1400s to influence neighbouring states by lending the Krahensoldaten and gaining income from it. The Krahensoldaten is considered a separate army from the Renesian army, and it is headed by 17 Munzoffizier (lit. Coin-officer) to manage themselves, 10 out of 17 are appointed by the Prince while the rest are elected among the veterans in Krahensoldaten.

After the death of Prince Edward II Renesia was left in a stronger position compared to the Sarrisen Kingdom militarily. The newly elected Prince [Name] planned to isolate the Sarrisen kingdom politically to overpower it militarily, the Prince found limited success in convincing the United kingdoms of Galvia and Ecoralia, but the Kingdom was alerted and prepared itself for the inevitable war. On July 13rd 1430 the Principality declared war on the Kingdom and overwhelmed the city defence forces along the Renesian-Sarrisen and had the upper hand.

The Renesian army was supplemented with foreign mercenaries, namely Ecoralian, and managed to split the army into two, one attacked the northern frontier, and the other attacked the southern frontier. The Sarrisen army sent its most professional army to the south while depending on the noble's armies to push back the northern army. The Sarrisens faced consecutive defeats in pitched battles or, at best, forced a stalemate, but constant harassment of Renesian supply lines kept the Renesian armies consistently retreating to resupply, giving the Sarrisens a breather room and a chance to re-capture cities. Eventually, the Sarrisen navy managed to cripple the Renesian navy and blockaded most of Renesian ports, and this worsened the supply situation even further. Although Sarrisens never were able to attack Renesian cities, they consistently kept being defeated in battles. However, after the Battle of Vlissingward, the Sarrisens were finally given a chance to invade Renesian soil and turned the war in Sarrisen's favour.

Although, with the death of King Gerold Schilden in the battle of zerbrochene Speere (also known as the battle of Arrary) Renesia managed to regain its superiority, however, exhausted from the long war Renesia settled for a peace treaty in February 22nd 1455 taking Vlissingward, Eekringen, Waalwarden, Aurirault and other minor villages in the treaty of Immenscheid. The war left both sides to ruin; while Renesia was able to recover in time, Sarrisen would face a civil war soon after which led to the creation of the Sarrisen Republic.

Ecoralian Enlightenment and the Velvet Revolution
After the Subjugation of Slilow in 1722 and Conquest of the Sarrisen Republic in 1751, Renesia saw great economic growth establishing the Renesian mark instead of the Renesian krone or the Sarrisen sarc, this was the first time the region was unified under the same currency after the Imperial zelta. However, the nobles benefited the most as their power and influence grew over the Prince, especially with foreign support from nations Gladomyr, forcing him to create Noble's chamber in 1771.

1751 also saw the first Forester's guild being established nearby Fellberg, before expanding near Gudenstedt and Fort Adenauer. During the early 1800s there were an influx of Myrish (Yoru) and Tretuish immigration to Renesia.

After the 1801 Revolution Renesia started to industrialise rapidly with influences from Ecoralia, Galvia and [tbd]; with trains introduced to the region, it saw a faster movement of goods and people across the nation. However, the condition of the average Renesia was worsened with nobles passing laws to exploit the commoners further; the only Province that saw an improvement for the commoners was Renas.

The boiling point reached in 1841, with the introduction of Ecoralian enlightenment, and Forester's guild helping spread it, caused the commoners to strike. Noble rivalries did not help the situation, spreading unrest, weapons and funding groups to hinder other nobles. On [Date] 1841, Lord Henning Ulmun, who was a staunch supporter of the Miners Workers Union (also known as MWU), was executed on the orders of the Prince in Erberg, which made the MWU revolt, taking over cities and executing nobles. In response, other nobles who supported other groups encouraged them to revolt, including the People's Army, The Republicans and the Sarrisen Army. Many historians see that the execution of Lord Henning Ulmun was the start of the Velvet Revolution. The Revolutionists, specifically the MWU, coined the term "Velvet Revolution" in reference to the Velvet Treaty.

At first, the rebels cooperated with each other to defeat the Prince and the loyalist army, although as the loyalist army got weaker, they turned against each other. Meanwhile, the Gewalter Erbe fled to Gladomyr and asked for support against the rebels. Gladomyr sent an army to help Renesia stabilize the situation. The Prince took this opportunity to reorganize and convince the nobles and Provincial armies to join the loyalist side. The loyalist, alongside the Gladomyr army, managed to win battle after battle and capture rebel leaders. The Prince found a middle ground with the rebel leaders, promising to establish Commoner's chamber, improve workers' and people's conditions and limit Noble's authority, which the rebels accepted.

The revolution officially ended in 1843, which saw the Prince's promises be delivered over the course of his life and successor, starting with weakening the Noble's chamber powers and abilities. The Prince also accused Ecoralia and Forester's guild of causing unrest in Renesia and demanded the return of some rebel leaders that escaped to Ecoralia, including Leudbald Dunkel but were denied; this led to the Prince cutting off Relationships with Ecoralia and shut down all Forester's guilds in the nation and became a significant reason for the Ecoral Toll War in 1871.

World wars
In the First World War Renesia remained neutral, although they provided weapons and sent expeditionary forces for both sides. Renesia also experienced economic trouble and bureaucratic reforms such as abandoning the for the Renesian mark, reforming the Nationale Sicherheitsnummer (NS) to National Identification Number (NIN) and reforming tax and data collection methods among other things. The war also caused a shortage of food and coal as it disturbed trade at a global level. All of these issues combined caused unrest throughout Renesia to the point that Renesia had to deploy its army and implement rationing and curfews. Once the war had concluded both rationing and curfews were lifted.

During the Velorenkan Revolution, Renesia helped the Emperor and later the Regency council during the civil war. Early in the civil war, Renesia provided a small fleet of navy and a constant (although limited) supply of food and weapons. As the situation got worse Renesia sent expeditionary forces, although after 1916 Renesia recalled its expeditionary forces but maintained its support for the Regency council by helping them move and relocate to the northern Islands and after the 1940 Reconquest helped imperialist remnants with fleeing and gave them asylum seeker status in Renesia. This caused a rift between Renesia and Velorenkya, although Renesia was one of the first few nations to recognize the new Velorenkya as the legitimate government. In the Second World War Renesia joined the Alliance but the eastern half of Renesia did not favour going to war with Ecoralia and revolted against the Prince. The "Eastern Forces" which included Raithaslach, Erberg, Loriace, and Laagburg Provinces declared war on the prince and their support for the Concert. The "Loyalist" or "Western Forces" included the Prince, Schaarstal, Bredelem, and Slilow Provinces, and which was eventually victorious against the "Eastern Forces" with Galvian, Ventoran and Salian support.

In the interim between the Second World war and the Third World War Renesia invaded and acquired Sátha Ústi city. (1951-1954)

During the Third World War, Renesia remained neutral officially, although there is evidence that Renesia has been conducting espionage operations against nuclear weapons holders, some believe that Izlegal's nuclear explosion was caused by the Renesian Information Gathering and Intelligence Department (RIGID). Although, after the war, Renesia invested heavily in Alutran nations that were involved in the war to help recover the global economy faster, this also lead to the creation of the International Relief Operations Organization (IROO).

The demise of the entire Ventoran royal family in the Lorqui rail incident caused great grief for the entirety of Renesia as the Ventoran and Renesian royal families had close ties. While Renesia attempted to help Ventora with the investigation and recovery the situation soon devolved into what is known today as the War of the Three Capitals. Renesia publicly supported the Monarchist side seeing them as the true government and sending a corps to support them. The Renesian Chancellor was present during the signing of the Treaty of Terelle as an observer. After the war, Renesia supported reconstruction efforts financially and helped build temporary housing while pulling back the Renesian Corps.

Present day
Renesia now works closely with the rest of the international community to bring peace and unity by signing treaties that focus on cooperation and being a member of many international organizations such as Grand Martial Championship Association and Alutran Cultural Community.

Geography
Renesia has several mountains the tallest being the upper and lower Laagberg mountains, reaching up to 1,561 meters and 1,498 meters respectively, containing a significant portion of various minerals and helium gas. Mount Orangenerberg is 1,063 meters tall and mostly famous for its orange colour from the abundance of the southern Valarian Lily that covers it. There is also Mount Ascheir reaching 1,201 meters and has an abundance of silver and gemstones but significantly less minerals compared to the Laagberg mountains. Rivers are also in abundance in Renesia, the largest and most significant one is the Pon River that starts in Galvia and pass through major Renesian cities until it reaches the Pon estuary. Another important river is the Renes River (also known as the Ordine river) that connects to Ordine Lake which continues to outflow to Pon river.

Biodiversity
Crows + ducks + Aarnieu catfish

Military
The Renesian military is compromised of the National army and the Provincial army, the latter acting as a subordinate to the former. The Renesian army also employs local Advanced Security Services from companies such as SEC-UR to enhance their capabilities. Renesia spends around 6.75% of its national GDP on defence and has periodic training programs with its allies such as Ventora, Galvia and Ecoralia. Most of Renesian military spending is on both land and air forces. National service is mandatory for all Renesian male citizens upon reaching the age of seventeen, but it can be delayed until the age of twenty-one with the exception of students who pursue medical degrees. National service includes 6 months of training and 6 months of active duty and may return to their province for further provincial training, while leadership roles are required to do an extra year of active duty. Dual Ventoran nationals and Renesians may opt for Ventoran national service in lieu of Renesian national service. Women may volunteer or pursue a military career and usually are given leadership roles.

The Renesian armed forces (Renesische Streitkräfte) consists of four main branches; Army of Renesia, Airforce of Renesia, Navy of Reneisa, and the Unified logistics department. There are also other armed forces under the Renesian armed forces, which include; Schaarstal armed forces, Raithaslach armed forces, Slilow armed forces, Laagburg armed forces, Bredelem armed forces, Loriace armed forces and Fern armed forces. Although the provincial armed forces are under the Renesian armed forces they retain a certain autonomy in weapons development and manufacturing, operations and training. The is the Renesian Prince, to whom the Renesian armed forces swear an oath of allegiance to. The Renesian armed forces played a key role in defending Renesia from foreign invasion, although the force is smaller compared to other neighbouring states it still managed to influence the outcome of major wars in the continent.

The army branch is the largest in the Renesian armed forces. There are frequent advances in defence systems created by the army, such as Athel Defense System (ADS) and the Saturated Missile Launcher System (SMLS). The army had been making breakthroughs in land military technologies since the 1900s. Meanwhile, the airforce branch consists of Fighters, Bombers, and airships and focuses more on Close-air-support (CAS). The Navy branch owns several patrol ships, s, s and s, and recently has acquired a with plans on making more in the future. RIGID and the Renesian armed forces work closely together.

Renesia also has foreign military bases, one is a joint military base with Ventora in Claris Island that has a port, barracks and an airfield, while Galvia has two military ports in Weinsbeck and Liesnier.

Legal system
Civil Law

Foreign relations
Renesia enjoys many bilateral relationships, and Renesian embassies host many events throughout the year, the most famous event being 'Hallo Renesia!'. Renesia is a part of Grand Martial Championship Association (GMCA) which holds tournaments based on various martial-focused sports and encourages sportsmanship between other members of GMCA. Renesia also hosts International Relief Operations Organization (IROO), which responds to international disasters and co-operates with other organizations such as the Civil Protection Corps (CPC). Renesia also hosts the World Forum Telecommunications Commission (WTC) in Sarrisen. Renesia is also a member of Alutran Cultural Community since 2012 and Onse Naval Alliance Treaty (ONAT).

Renesia also has many treaties that focus on "Alutran Unity", such as Renes agreement of mutual exchange and recognition of official documents (RAMEROD) and Reciprocal Acceptance of National Identification Treaty (RANIT).

Ecoralia
Renesia and Ecoralia have been enjoying a great relationship ever since the Second World War, with Renesian investment to help them recover from the second and third world wars helped bridge the gap between them. Currently, Renesia and Ecoralia citizens enjoy the freedom of movement and work opportunity and may acquire dual citizenship. The Renesian embassy located in Monstad is in a building near the Rustende kraai statue, which was built in honour of their new relationship. Although there is no official consulate to help in Ecoralia, the embassy can call the embassy in Edury or the mainland for any support or emergency. Ecoralia and Renesia still maintain a checkpoint between their borders and a simple search for illegal goods on both sides.

Galvia
Ever since the signing of the Rabe Treaty, the Renesian-Galvian relationship has been improving. Galvia enjoys two military naval bases in Renesia in order to protect the Onse bay better. Citizens from both nations enjoy freedom of movement and work opportunity, although owning land requires a long and tedious process. However, walls and forts from the first world war era litter the borders between Galvia and Renesia that have never been dismantled. The Renesian embassy is located in Antonija, while a consulate is located in Vilciena. Borders between Galvia and Renesia still have checkpoints, with rudimentary searches being made at random intervals.

Ventora
Renesian-Ventoran relationship is the longest-lasting friendly relationship in Renesian history. Official relationships have been established since the 1600s, with the nobility from both nations encouraging friendlier relationships. Current-day relationships have improved greatly, by coordinating dual citizenship law and signing the Plenas Agreement of Mutual Security Improvement and Renes Agreement Regarding Dual Nationality among many others brought them ever closer. Citizens from both nations enjoy the freedom of movement and work opportunity among many other things. The embassy is located in Plenas while the consulates are located in both Ascara and Vedra, and there is also a located in Lora.

Government services and programs
Renesia has several government services and programs to help various groups of people such as the disabled, low-income households, the homeless and the unemployed. These government services and programs are funded by the state or become self-sufficient.

Gemeinschaftshäuser
The gemeinschaftshäuser (or community houses) are large houses and apartment complex that is owned by the government and managed by the People's Community Affairs Department (PCAD) alongside the province in which they reside. Gemeinschaftshäuser were created after the Velvet Revolution in 1843 after the devastation of the rebellion destroyed homes, specifically the miners. As such, many of today's gemeinschaftshäuser are located in Raithaslach and Laagburg provinces. The gemeinschaftshäuser varies in quality and size; however, there is a minimum requirement and a checklist for a building to achieve before it can become a community house, which is split into two categories, the personnel and rooms. The minimum personnel requirement is for gemeinschaftshäuser to have a receptionist, two security guards, a gardener and a chef, some gemeinschaftshäuser have more personnel such as plumbers and electricians. Meanwhile, the room requirements are at least five private rooms (three are aimed at single or couples occupants while two are aimed at family occupants), a garden, a community kitchen, a community dining room, and a community living room or recreational area.

Anyone can come and live in gemeinschaftshäuser, however, unless they are homeless or unemployed they will have to pay rent, moreover, the homeless and unemployed take priority over anyone else. The homeless and unemployed living in gemeinschaftshäuser will not have to pay rent, utility bills, or internet bills as it will come free alongside three meals a day, although they will have to work for the government for little pay. People who work for the government through the gemeinschaftshäuser are called Krondiener (or crown servants) to distinguish them from proper government officials. Krondiener are expected to work in a variety of low-skilled fields from both the civil and military sides, including; chef, trucker, taxi, community police, community soldier, receptionist, firefighter, gardener, construction worker, miner, among many other things. Many criticized the low pay that the government pay the Krondiener that they are exploiting the misfortune of people, however, other see this as better than being homeless or unemployed.

Some economists suggest that the gemeinschaftshäuser and Krondiener systems contribute to Renesia's recent high inflation growth and debt increase.

Energy
Renesia is an energy importer since 1976, with the ever-growing need of the industrial sector for more energy a deal with Ecoralia has been made in 1975 and later with Galvia in 19XX to connect their energy grid with Renesia. In 2022, it is estimated around 30% of the energy consumed is imported energy and the highest consuming province is Raithaslach which is estimated to be 20%, although Fern province is self-sufficient when it comes to energy production and consumption.

Renesia is also heavily reliant on fossil fuels for its own energy production, specifically, coal being cheaply imported from Edury and mined easily locally. Although there have been recent efforts to move from fossil fuels to more green energy focused, mainly headed by REnew by building and  (such as Run-of-the-river, Tide and Dams). The main national electric company is Allgemeine Elektrik Anbieter, although they do not manage the electric grid of Fern province since its managed by their own electric company which is the Sátha Ústi-Nexsus.

Renesia also has a single in Onsen bay that was built in [YEAR] that extracts both  and. Although Renesia does not have any, as such, all petroleum go to Ecoralia to get refined, and then it gets sent back to Renesia. Both oil and natural gas products are then stored in a so the government is able to control local oil prices from going out of control and have an emergency reserve in case of war. During the Oil crisis of 1977 the entirety of the strategic reserve was used up to keep the Renesian economy from suffering too greatly.

Finance
The International Renesian Bank (IRB) and Renesian Princely Bank (RPB) are the biggest two banks in Renesia.

Science and technology
Mostly Military Advances

Education
Edward University

Tourism
3 international airports - Prinz Internationaler Flughafen (PIF) in Renes, Neuer Flughafen Sarrisen (NFS) in Sarrisen and Sátha Ústi Airport (SUA) in Staatsburg.

4 major ports - [Name] in Erberg, [Name] in Staatsburg, [Name] in Weinsbeck and [Name] in Blankenport

Transport
Ecolarian trains



Languages
!German

Sports
and sports are the most popular in Renesia amongst the nobility, although  is not popular inside of Renesia, it is popular amongst its nobility and they frequently travel to Ventora to participate in their falconry events. Meanwhile, and  dominate the interest of the commoners. The Renesian Sports Department (RSD) manages and hosts all significant sporting events in Renesia. As Renesia is a permanent member of Grand Martial Championship Association (GMCA) the RSD provides support to GMCA activities when needed and give GMCA free reign over management of their own events and tournaments.

Media
The main news network in Renesia is the state-owned Renesian Chronicles (RC) which has some international audience, although there are other privately owned news networks such as Ragners News, Laagburg News Network (LNN), START Broadcasting Channel (SBC), Renes 24/7 and Volksnachrichten.

RC is entirely funded by the Renesian government but it operates independently. RC operates in Renesian and its main aim is to spread information and educate people living in Renesia, as such viewing RC requires no subscription, although RC newspapers are sold at market prices to make it fair for other news channels. The International Renesian Chronicles (IRC) is a subsidiary of RC, it operates in Interspeech with staff from all over the globe, and it focuses on spreading Renesian culture than actual news in comparison to RC. Both RC and IRC launched in the same year (19XX) 6 months apart.

Ragners News is a news network that is owned by the Ragner family and it is the second news network to lunch after RC. Ragners News used to focus mostly on its noble audience with little care for commoners with every step needing the approval of the head of the Ragner family, however, in recent years it became more liberal and prides itself on its quality control. Ragners News usually collaborates with RC with their shows and video footage.

LNN operates mostly in Laagburg and Loriace districts and focuses more on news related to local and international economies with economists from various backgrounds appearing almost daily to discuss various aspects of the economy.

SBC headquarters is in the Fern district. The SBC has more of an international audience compared to other news channels in Renesia, although the SBC struggles with maintaining a sizable local audience. The SBC was shut down briefly when Renesia conquered Sátha Ústi (currently known as Staatsburg) for one month in (date), and it was again shut down for another month in (date) for criticizing the Prince and the Renesian government.

Renes 24/7 is a new news channel with a focus on local activities and traditions, it has mostly conservative views and its main rival is Volksnachrichten.

Volksnachrichten started up at around the same time as Renes 24/7, it has mostly liberal views a striking contrast to Renes 24/7.

Museums
Stolen artifacts across the globe, alongside the Museum of Colors attributed to Leudbald Dunkel.