Jangwali

Jangwali (: ᨕᨘᨍᨊᨁᨒᨗ; Ujangwali) officially the Republic of Jangwali, is a country in northern Kasare bordering the Shazabi Ocean to the north. It expands over a total land area of 908,485 square kilometres (350,768 sq mi.), dissected horizontally by the Trans-Kasaren Mountains running along the continent's northern coast, and surrounded on all southward-facing sides by the North Kasaren Desert. The country has an estimated population of 22.4 million as of 2022, and three capital cities, with the, , and branches of government based in Kiribala, Mfereji, and Emembe respectively, the largest of which is the city of Kirbala.

Prehistory
The territory that encompasses present-day Jangwali was first inhabited c. 68,000 BCE by early humans who arrived in the area by migrating along the northern coast of Kasare from western Jimmada. These humans originally concentrated all along the north Kasaren shores, with no evidence of them ever venturing south until much later on. It was around this time that communities emerged in the region, continuously remaining around the coastal areas of the continent. Some s found within the cave system of the North Kasaren Mountain range date back as far back as 63,000 BCE, and are indicative of an early human migration taking place around this time, however, based on archeological sites of the era, most communities still remained in area that only stretched nearly 100 meters away from the shoreline at all times, with more permanent sites found near the mountains dating back to this time period being little to none. It is estimated that between 60,000 and 50,000 BCE these hunter-gatherer societies began to grow in size, eventually covering a territory of nearly 500,000 square kilometers (193,050 sq mi) in size, and occupying most of the north Kasaren coastal region. With the increase in population, so did the need for larger quantities of land, resources and food. It is estimated that this very need for best suited land, climate and resources was the launching point for an expansion and mass migration westward, eventually resulting in humans reaching west Kasare and settling along the region's coast and interior c. 50,000–45,000 BCE. Between 45,000 and 35,000 years ago, the humans in the area around present-day Jangwali developed modes of short maritime transportation, enabling them to venture out to sea and eventually develop as a new way to obtain food, an activity that would go on to become an integral part of the lifestyle for the civilizations in the region. The appearance of early temporary settlements can be traced back to this time period, evidencing a slow merge into a more lifestyle, which has been estimated to be caused, among other things, by the continuous inability to migrate south beyond the mountain range. Mosi cultures began to develop around 30,000–25,000 BCE, present mainly around the area that encompasses Jangwali's eastern in the present day. Mosi cultures quickly organized into tribes and over time developed what can be regarded as the first stone tools in the region.

With the start of the 10th millennium BCE, sedentary communities started to become increasingly more common as humans developed in the region for the first time. Around this time, became a staple among Mosi cultures, particularly the production of  and vases. As different tribes claimed larger extensions of arable land to settle and produce food, the region's first large-scale conflicts began to arise, evidenced in particular by archeological remains found at the foot of the southern mountain range. Most of these conflicts are estimated to have taken place in what is now northern Jangwali and the former dry land that stood north of the present-day Jangwalian shore. This region is believed to have been among the most fertile land in the region and possibly the continent, with the rivers flowing northward into the Shazabi Ocean forming corridor-like delta along the coast. Between the 9th and 5th millennium, sea levels began to rise to modern measurements as the world's came to an end. Humans living during this time in the former delta region were slowly forced inward as the ocean claimed the land that had once been settled by Mosi communities. Today, several archeological sites have been found right off the coast of northern Kasare indicative of long-term human presence in the former land, and their eventual migration south. As the strip of habitable land between the mountains and the ocean narrowed further, this resulted in larger conflicts and fights for resources between the north Kasaren communities, each of which sought to take the largest portion of land for its people.

Simultaneous to this time of conflict, the first cities in the region began to arise, many of which would end up coming together whether through mutual agreement or forceful conquering. It was during this period between the 5th and 3rd millennium BCE, that the Mbahala civilization emerged, which would go on to become one of the most prominent and powerful civilizations in Kasare at the time.

Early dynastic period
The Mbahala civilization emerged sometime during the late 5th millennium BCE, and continued to properly develop into a civilization until the early 3rd millennium BCE. The first Mbahalan settlement is believed to have existed somewhere in Jangwali's western salient, near the city of Mpevu. From there, Mbahalan people advanced their way east through the conquering and integration of ancient cities into their trade and control network. By the 4th millennium, most of present-day western Jangwali was under Mbahalan influence, with its epicenter of power being centered around the Nyingiji Delta, which would go on to become the site where the Mbahalans would remain for most of their history. The start of the Early Dynastic Period of Mbahala is presumed to be sometime between the years 4,080 and 4,030 BCE when the 1st Mbahalan Dynasty came to power in the region. During the Early Dynastic Period, Mbahala only continued to venture further east and west, eventually covering a territory that stretched from present-day [Western Neighbour] to eastern Jangwali, over a land area estimated to have reached around 300,000 square kilometers (115,800 sq mi), making it one of the largest civilizations at the time. By the start of the 3rd millennium BCE, Mbahala was one of the most advanced civilizations in the region, having developed a, mathematics, astrology, , and early. During this time, the Mbahalans were able to develop a maritime trade network across the Upeondani Bay that, at its peak, connected the cities situated in the present-day provinces of Dishaskazini to the west to the ones in Macheleo to the east. This form of trade was eventually divided into smaller networks, allowing individual Mbahalan cities to trade with other north Kasaren civilizations. During the 6th Mbahalan dynasty, it is believed that the temple of Mwezi ya Watu first began to undergo construction before being finished sometime during the 7th dynasty. Mwezi ya Watu is regarded as one of the oldest large-scale structures in Kasare, and one of the most well-preserved in modern times. The construction of the temple signifies what Mjangwali theologists and historians estimate to be the early start of the Mwenzinghetia religion. The last significant contribution from the early dynasties in Mbahala is the Mbahalan calendar, created in the 29th century BCE, under the 9th dynasty, setting its starting date sometime around 5822 BCE, two thousand years before the existence of Mbahala.

Late dynastic period
The start of the 2nd millennium BCE gave way to the Late Dynastic Period of Mbahala. The official division between these two periods is the transition from the 14th to the 15th dynasties. During this time, Mbahala switched to a more aggressive approach to foreign relations as Chief Mwinyi ya Ufinyanzi rose to power c. 1980 BCE. It was under the 15th Mbahalan dynasty that the civilization was able to expand southward beyond the Trans-Kasaren Mountains and into present-day southern Jangwali. With this newly gained expansionary prowess, Mbahala began a process of annexations and conquering of lands that had, prior to its invasion, maintained what were presumed to be good relations with them. Archeologists and historians believe most of these annexations to have been rather peaceful as opposed to outright invasions, however, evidence exists of Mbahalan people fighting seemingly small wars with neighboring civilizations and raiding a large amount of city-states that existed around the core territory of the country. It was also around this time that numerous states and port cities began to emerge along the north Kasaren coast as part of the region's rapid development. This prompted Mbahala to utilize its local maritime trade network system on a regional scale, over time asserting influence and gaining control throughout the ports of the continent's northern coast, reaching as far as western Alero and the easternmost tip of Kasare.

With the rise of the 19th dynasty, Mbahala had become one of the most prosperous civilizations in Kasare at the time, having asserted influence and control over most, if not all of the states that existed within the northern shores. By the 14th century BCE, Mbahala became a patrolling power of the northern Kasaren coast, able to redirect a portion of the earnings from other cities to the Mbahalan capital. Despite this, the Mbahalan territory would expand at a much slower rate in comparison to its quick economic and political advance on the region. The so-called 'Golden Age of Mbahala' would see the start of its demise with the fall of the 21st dynasty in the mid to late 12th century. During the dynastical transition between the Zengi and the Pambo, 20th and 21st dynasties respectively, certain coastal regions of Mbahala would try and regain autonomy of their trade, ports and markets. Though none of the separatist attempts would come out successfully, the social and political landscape of the country would see itself changed for the remainder of Mbahalan history, as the central government began to lose grip on some of its peripheral territories. Mbahala entered a civil war in the early 10th century, a few years after the rise of the 23rd Mbahalan dynasty, which would result in the territorial division of the state and giving way to two successor countries Nyotawa and Angajiwe.

Kingdoms of Nyotawa and Angajiwe
The kingdoms of Nyotawa and Angajiwe formed as the result of the that split Mbahala in the early to mid 10th century BCE. The Kingdom of Nyotawa, comprising most of the western former Mbahalan territory, was ruled what the Utongo dynasty, which was the 23rd dynasty of Mbahala before their collapse, while the eastern portion of former Mbahalan territory, as well as much of the separatist city-states along the coast formed the Kingdom of Angajiwe, ruled by the Mpambo dynasty, which challenged the Utongo resulting in the eventual split of the territory. By the 9th century BCE, both states grew to be amongst the most influential in the continent, asserting power and influence over the southern shores of the Shazabi Ocean and the North Kasaren Desert. Over time, both states began trading with one another, creating one of the most extensive trade networks at the time in the world that extended from Poroma in the west to the region of Jimmada in the east.

For much of the late 7th and early 6th centuries BCE, the Kingdom of Angajiwe became the of northern Kasare, attributed to its vast arable land and access to  in a region of the world mainly characterized for its arid and desert conditions. As consequence, this developed into an agreement between the kingdoms of Angajiwe and Nyotawa, establishing how the latter would offer protection and defense in exchange for priority over the food resources of the former, essentially establishing Angajiwe as a of Nyotawa. The relation between both states remained collaborative, until the dawn of the 4th century BCE, when the kingdom of Nyotawa, under the rule of King Omboko yi Tzawa, began slowly settling on Angajiwen territory, reaching a point of outright invasion c. 370 BCE.

Annexation of Angajiwe
Based on archeological evidence, large-scale conflicts took place sometime between 370 and 360 BCE, in what is presumed to have been the boundary between both kingdoms, nearly Jangwali's present-day eastern border.

Independence from Agarad
At the start of the 20th century the states of Agarad and Haksarad joined into a newly formed Dayashafirate, restored by commander Husrak h'Assar Ha-Qayyet, who declared himself dayashafir on 21 June 1900, and which, by extension, included all of Agarad's colonies across the continent of Kasare. During the beginning of the century, the Agar government increased the frequency and enforcement of its aggressive and expansionist ideology, founded in Jarader faith and the spreading of the religion across the globe, that it had been practicing for most of the previous century, which resulted in a series of extremist government, civil, and military reforms within Agarad and its colonies that lasted for over a decade. At the start of it, in 1901, the Agar central government sent out an order to its colonial governments commanding the imminent deployment of troops on foreign neighboring territories across Kasare, and authorizing the process of, by means of prohibition and banning of non-Jarader religious ideology, as well as compulsory religious teaching to Manuak and native populations alike, with the objective of completely removing the native Kasaren faiths in favor of H’Ejrad by the end of the decade.

Between 1901 and 1904, the Jawwal colonial government stood amongst the largest contributors to Dayashafirate and Agarad's cause and interests, becoming subjected to major exporting waves of raw materials, food, and personnel, to both the central government and its neighboring colonies. During the second half of 1904, the colonial government, commanded by Maghawah h'Imeshri at the time, saw itself in serious economic and demographic decline, as the expenses of the Agar expansionism and the constant stream of external demand increased, leaving the colonial economies, that were dependent on the Agar central government, as a secondary priority. Discomfort grew larger and more prevalent among the colonial Manuak population, most of whom had living conditions only slightly above average in their home colony, and below average when compared to the Manuak people living in Agarad, that had continuously worsened with the passing years. This became particularly true of those that held high-ranking positions of government, were part of the elite of colonial society, or held significant social and political sway and power over the colony, whose everyday luxuries saw themselves reduced, and their influence and authority within the colony challenged, and oftentimes questioned, by the central government.

Jawwal colonial society saw itself threatened when in 1905 the Agar government sent out personnel to accelerate the process of religious conversion into Jarader faith within its borders, particularly among the colonies of northwestern Kasare. This consisted in a rapid series of government-planned assassination, kidnapping, and torture of non-Jarader population, sometimes including irreligious Manuak people, through the employment of paramilitary groups under the name of [NAME OF PARAMILITARY]. These tactics quickly spread all across the colonies of northern Kasare, and continued throughout the rest of 1905 and well into 1906. It is estimated that around 23% of native peoples in northern Kasare were killed, amounting to a total of around 3 million people, around 850,000 of which were the Mwenzi people of Jawwal. It was during this time period between 1905 and 1906, also known as the North Kasaren Raid, that the Mwenzi people that had been living in the central territory of the colony of Jawwal began a large-scale migration southward into the mountainous and desert regions of the colony. This was done to avoid both religious persecution and mandatory enrollment into Agarad's military, to then be shipped off to other parts of Kasare and Harad. The migrating population was well-received by the southern Mwenzi people that had been inhabiting the territory since the 18th century. Many of the migrants would employ tactics, such as hiding within the mountain range, separating Jawwal’s desert from its coastal regions, from colonial government officials. Almost simultaneously to this, discomfort with the Agar government increased within the high-ranking positions of the colonial government, followed by a short-lived rebellion against the central authority during which five Manuak Jawwal officials were killed for treason.

It wasn’t until 3 February 1908 that the colonial government would officially rebel against the central government, under the command of Dajudar ha-Qarsehdi, and declare independence from Agarad. This was immediately met with resistance and disapproval from the Agar authorities, who, in March of that same year, ordered the immediate seizure of the colony, and began raiding its harbors, eventually re-conquering Jawwal’s entire coastal region and claiming it under direct jurisdiction of the central government. This process saw itself repeated among several of the Kasaren colonies, who also faced repercussions from the Agarad authorities in their own way. In Jawwal, active Agar involvement quickly led to the displacement, kidnapping or assassination of the colonial Manuak people, in an attempt to slowly replace the colonial population with new migratory waves from Harad and install a new and loyalist government. The rebel colonial government and free colonial Manuak people saw themselves pushed further south, eventually recreating the phenomenon the native Mwenzi people had gone through less than five years ago. Eventually, the Mwenzi and the colonial Manuak people were forced into taking joint military action against the central government to remove them from the colony. This resulted in the signing of the Desert Accords, between Dajudar ha-Qarsehdi and Ambiombo Kang'alo, unofficial self-declared chief of the Mwenzi people, agreeing to mutual defense and military cooperation against the Agar government, in exchange for an independent Jawwal that would hold an equal amount of Manuak and Mwenzi representation in its government.

World War I
With the start of World War I, as a yet non-independent colony, Jawwal was forced into the global conflict as de jure part of the Restored Dayashafirate against the Allies of east Alutra. In 1910, the Riyatic government became aware of the separatist movement and conflict taking place within the colony, and offered help with the delivery of supplies and weapons through Port [CITY NAME] (present-day Emembe), as one of the last remaining coastal settlements under colonial government authority as opposed to Agar. Later that same year, Agarad military sunk the Riyatic ships while stationed in Port [CITY NAME], resulting in the by Riyata against Agarad, indirectly roping Jawwal into the conflict as an Agar colony. Despite being part of two ongoing conflicts as a colony under Agarad and part of the Restored Dayashafirate, the Jawwal colonial government and native population continued to direct all of its efforts towards independence and the removal of Agarad from northern Kasare.

Government
The Republic of Jangwali is a  consisting of eight districts, 46 provinces, and 3 capital regions. The head of state is the President of Jangwali who is elected jointly with a vice president, both of whom have a 4-year after presidential elections. The Constitution of Jangwali is, and separates the government into three branches, the , the , and the , each with their own respective seat.

Executive
The executive power of Jangwali is vested in the president as, the vice president, and the council of ministers, and has a seat in the city of Kiribala. The president of Jangwali is elected every four years jointly with a vice president, and can be re-elected a single time and elected four times, making for a total of eight consecutive years and twelve total years maximum. The president is in charge of appointing the government officials, known as ministers, as heads of their respective ministries and invite them to form government, in the form of the Council. As head of state, the president has the power to dissolve the Senate at Congress with approval of at least ⅔ of the Chamber of Deputies. They are the former of the Armed Forces, a title held since the constitutional reform of 1996 by the vice president, and are responsible for appointing every Supreme Court Justice. Presidents can be removed from their position before the completion of their term during the legal process of, carried over by the judicial power, and approved by the legislature.

The vice president is the second-in-command after the president, and is in charge of presiding as the head of government in the event the president of term is ill, absent or dead. Since 1996, vice presidents hold the title of commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces during, a title renounced in favor of the general chief during. As part of this role, they are in charge of appointing a minister of defense to join as member of the council of ministers, and as administrator of the Military Board. After elections, the vice president is inducted as one of two chairmen of Congress, along with the chancellor, and president of the Chamber of Deputies. As chairman, the vice president is responsible for overseeing all legislative sessions that take place at the Chamber of Deputies, acting as mediator and director. Under special circumstances, the vice president is allowed to break a tie in legislative voting. They are never a part of the council of ministers, which is reserved specifically for the president and ministers.

The council of ministers, oftentimes simply referred to as the Council or government, is a body of government part of the executive branch, composed by the president of Jangwali and their elected ministers. The ministers are politicians (most commonly former ), chosen and appointed directly by the president of Jangwali upon elections, with the exception of the minister of defense, appointed by the vice president. Ministers are chosen beforehand, and will run jointly with the president and vice president during presidential elections under the collective name of "government proposal". Each of them is responsible for the departments known as ministries, of which they are heads of. The main attribution given to the council of ministers is that of advisor and problem solver, as they report to both the president, and in certain occasions the legislative branch, on different aspects of national politics. Ministerial terms are tied to presidential terms, meaning that after four years the Council will be renewed, unless a re-election occurs.

Legislature
The legislative branch of government of Jangwali is formed by the National Congress, and has its seat in the city of Mfereji. The Congress is a body of government, divided into two representative chambers: the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies, whose members are collectively known as legislators, and have a 6-year term.

The Senate is the of Congress and is formed by the senators, of which there are two for each province, and a chancellor as chairman of the chamber. Despite holding legal administrative statute closer to the districts, the capital regions also have two representatives at the upper house. As a legislative body of government, any given bill can be presented at the Senate in its first instance, proposed by either a senator, a, or a third party. Once presented, the must obtain a  at the chamber, in the Senate this is two-thirds of all present senators, to then be passed to the lower house. As special powers granted by the Constitution, the Senate is the only chamber of Congress that can perform, as well as remove Justices from the Supreme Court. The Senate is renewed in halves every three years, and senatorial elections are mandatory for all citizens aged 25 and above.

The Chamber of Deputies is the of Congress and is formed by the deputies, whose number is proportional to the population of each province, as of 2020 there is an average of one deputy for every 25,000 citizens. The chairman of the lower house is the vice president of the country. Much like at the Senate, any given bill can be presented at the Chamber of Deputies by a deputy, political coalition or third party, where, once presented, said bill must obtain a quorum, in the Chamber of Deputies this is half of all present deputies plus one, in order to be passed over to the Senate. Unlike the upper house, the chairman of the Chamber of Deputies is allowed to intervene in specific legislative voting as dictated in the Constitution. Special constitutional powers attributed to the lower house include the approval of impeachment of the president (initiated by the ), the dissolvement of the council of ministers via a, and granting the head of state permission to declare war on a foreign country. The Chamber of Deputies is renewed in thirds every two years, and deputy elections are mandatory for all citizens aged 18 and above.

Judiciary
The judiciary branch of government in Jangwali works under a hierarchical system atop which stands the Supreme Court, and its seat is located in the city of Emembe. The members comprising the Supreme Court are called Justices, of which there are nine, who can only be appointed by the president with the agreement of at least two thirds of the present Senate members in a session convened for that purpose, and are removed by an process called kesikisiasa ("political trial"), initiated by the Chamber of Deputies and carried out by the Senate, exclusively on grounds of improper behavior. The Supreme Court functions as a last resort tribunal, and its rulings cannot be appealed. However, per constitutional law, the Supreme Court can be granted original jurisdiction in cases that deal with the of the Constitution (for example, it can overturn a law passed by Congress if deemed unconstitutional). Every four years, the title of Head Justice is passed on from one Justice to another in a repetitive cycle. The Head Justice oversees and presides over the Supreme Court, and is in charge of breaking any and all ties that may occur during judicial voting.

As maximum interpreter of the Constitution, the Supreme Court sets the precedent for all lower courthouses and tribunals across the country. There are two types of courthouses in Jangwali. First, are the, also known as courts of first instance, which have original jurisdiction and their rulings can be appealed. During trials in the first instance, cases are heard and their outcome decided by a single judge, who, in certain cases, is advised by a formed by randomly selected civilians. Rulings made by trial courts can be appealed at any or court of second instance. Unlike courts of first instance where a case is overseen by a single judge, appellate courts are formed by chambers comprising three judges each. During trial, the chamber will reach a through voting, in which none of the judges can abstain. Rulings reached by appellate courts can only be appealed to the Supreme Court if the majority of its Justices agree to reopen the case, or to the National Chambers, which are a group of ten chambers all formed by five judges, that deal with specific civil and social aspects of the law (Family, Commerce, Crime, Labor, Environment, Immigration, Ownership, Military, Education, and Health). Rulings made by National Chambers and the Supreme Court are final and cannot be appealed under any circumstances.

Administrative divisions
The Republic of Jangwali is divided into 8 districts, 46 provinces, and 3 capital regions, corresponding to former provinces that contain the three capital cities of Kiribala, Mfereji and Emembe. Per Jangal law, all three subdivisions co-exist as the country's first-level subdivisions, with the second-level subdivisions being the municipalities. Each province and capital region is headed by a governor, who, upon election, will form the District Assembly along with the fellow governors from the same district, as a means to provide a space for better decision-making for provincial matters while also taking into account the district as a whole. The three capital regions are headed by one mayor each, a position similar to that of governor, and are not part of the District Assembly as they're considered to not be part of any district, with their borders with neighbouring provinces functioning like the borders between districts.

Military
The Jangal National Guard (: ᨕᨘᨕᨒᨗᨊᨔᨗ ᨕᨘᨕ ᨀᨗᨈᨕᨗᨄ ᨕᨘᨕ ᨕᨘᨍᨊᨁᨒ) are the standing military forces of Jangwali. They are by the Military Council, which in turn is headed by the vice president, and the general chief as second-in-command; however, the president may pass over commanding responsibility to the general chief whenever they see fit. Military administration is overseen by the Ministry of Defence, directed by the Minister of Defence. As of 2022, the National Guard's expenditure amounts to 3.4% of the total (PPP), or around Ꝟ20.8 billion, and it's divided into the National Army, the National Navy, and the National Air Forces. Per new constitutional law, is only mandatory for all male citizens born before 1 January 2010, making it optional for the younger generations and onward. The National Guard had an active personnel of 789,950, and a reserve of 554,520 as of December of 2021.

The Jangal National Guard started off as a organized by Mwenzi citizens in Agarad Jawwal in 1907, a decade before the country's independence. The then called Mwenzi Vigilantes (ᨕᨘᨍᨊᨁᨒ ᨆᨌᨚ), was formed majorly by ethnically Mwenzi people aged between 21-31, fueled by the Mwenzi Revival that was characteristic of the early 20th century during which the younger generations sought out to restore the Mwenzi cultural practices and traditions through the replacement of the ongoing Agar rule. It was within this framework that the Mwenzi Vigilantes was formed, and most of these very ideologies have been carried into the present as the foundation of the National Guard upon its official formation as the national armed forces in 1917. This ideological system has resulted in many instances of and aggression toward Manuak citizens that wish to or had to join the military due to conscription laws. The National Guard has had an active role in the country's history since 1907, including its participation in colonial removal from Jawwal with the help of Riyatic military, or its role in the TBD Civil War that lasted between 1930 and 1995.