Jangwali

Jangwali (: ᨍᨊᨁᨓᨒᨗ; Ujangwali) officially the Republic of Jangwali, is a country in northern Kasare bordering the Shazabi Ocean to the north. It expands over a total land area of 454,735 square kilometres (175,574 sq mi.), and is surrounded on all southward-facing sides by the Trans-Kasaren Mountains running along the continent's northern coast. The country has an estimated population of 12.4 million as of 2020, and its capital and largest city is Kiribala.

Prehistory
The territory that encompasses present-day Jangwali was first inhabited c. 68,000 BCE by early humans who arrived in the area by migrating along the northern coast of Kasare from western Jimmada. These humans originally concentrated all along the north Kasaren shores, with no evidence of them ever venturing south until much later on. It was around this time that communities emerged in the region, continuously remaining around the coastal areas of the continent. Some s found within the cave system of the North Casalia Mountain Range date back as far back as 63,000 BCE, and are indicative of an early human migration taking place around this time, however, based on archeological sites of the era, most communities still remained in area that only stretched nearly 100 metres away from the shoreline at all times, with more permanent sites found near the mountains dating back to this time period being little to none. It is estimated that between 60,000 and 50,000 BCE these hunter-gatherer societies began to grow in size, eventually covering a territory of nearly 500,000 square kilometres (193,050 sq mi) in size, and occupying most of the north Kasaren coastal region. With the increase in population, so did the need for larger quantities of land, resources and food. It is estimated that this very need for best suited land, climate and resources was the launching point for an expansion and mass migration westward, eventually resulting in humans reaching west Kasare and settling along the region's coast and interior c. 50,000–45,000 BCE. Between 45,000 and 35,000 years ago, the humans in the area around present-day Jangwali developed modes of short maritime transportation, enabling them to venture out to sea and eventually develop as a new way to obtain food, an activity that would go on to become an integral part of the lifestyle for the civilizations in the region. The appearance of early temporary settlements can be traced back to this time period, evidencing a slow merge into a more lifestyle, which has been estimated to be caused, among other things, by the continuous inability to migrate south beyond the mountain range. Mosi cultures began to develop around 30,000–25,000 BCE, present mainly around the area that encompasses Jangwali's eastern in the present day. Mosi cultures quickly organized into tribes and over time developed what can be regarded as the first stone tools in the region.

With the start of the 10th millennium BCE, sedentary communities started to become increasingly more common as humans developed in the region for the first time. Around this time, became a staple among Mosi cultures, particularly the production of  and vases. As different tribes claimed larger extensions of arable land to settle and produce food, the region's first large-scale conflicts began to arise, evidenced in particular by archeological remains found at the foot of the southern mountain range. Most of these conflicts are estimated to have taken place is what is now northern Jangwali and the former dry land that was stood north of the present-day Mjangwalian shore. This regions is believed to have been among the most fertile land in the region and possibly the continent, with the rivers flowing northward into the Shazabi Ocean forming corridor-like delta long the coast. Between the 9th and 5th millennium, sea levels began to rise to modern measurements as the world's came to an end. Humans living during this time in the former delta region were slowly forced inward as the ocean claimed the land that had once been settled by Mosi communities. Today, several archeological sites have been found right off the coast of northern Kasare indicative of long-term human presence in the former land, and their eventual migration south. As the strip of habitable land between the mountains and the ocean narrowed further, this resulted in larger conflicts and fights for resources between the north Kasaren communities, each of which sought to take the largest portion of land for its people.

Simultaneous to this time of conflict, the first cities in the region began to arise, many of which would end up coming together whether through mutual agreement or forceful conquering. It was during this period between the 5th and 3rd millennium BCE, that the Mbahala civilization emerged, which would go on to become one of the most prominent and powerful civilizations in Kasare at the time.

Early Dynastic Period
The Mbahala civilization emerged sometime during the late 5th millennium BCE, and continued to properly develop into a civilization until the early 3rd millennium BCE. The first Mbahalan settlement is believed to have existed somewhere in Jangwali's western salient, near the city of Mpevu. From there, Mbahalan people advanced their way east through the conquering and integration of ancient cities into their trade and control network. By the 4th millennium, most of present-day western Jangwali was under Mbahalan influence, with its epicenter of power being centered around the Nyingiji Delta, which would go on to become the site where the Mbahalans would remain for most of their history. The start of the Early Dynastic Period of Mbahala is presumed to be sometime between the years 4,080 and 4,030 BCE when the 1st Mbahalan Dynasty came to power in the region. During the Early Dynastic Period, Mbahala only continued to venture further east and west, eventually covering a territory that stretched from present-day [Western Neighbour] to eastern Jangwali, over a land area estimated to have reached around 300,000 square kilometres (115,800 sq mi), making it one of the largest civilizations at the time. By the start of the 3rd millennium BCE, Mbahala was one of the most advanced civilizations in the region, having developed a, mathematics, astrology, , and early. During this time, the Mbahalans were able to develop a maritime trade network across the Upeondani Bay that, at its peak, connected the cities situated in the present-day provinces of Dishaskazini to the west to the ones in Macheleo to the east. This form of trade was eventually divided into smaller networks, allowing individual Mbahalan cities to trade with other north Kasaren civilizations. During the 6th Mbahalan dynasty, it is believed that the temple of Mwezi ya Watu first began to undergo construction before being finished sometime during the 7th dynasty. Mwezi ya Watu is regarded as one of the oldest large-scale structures in Kasare, and one of the most well-preserved in modern times. The construction of the temple signifies what Mjangwali theologists and historians estimate to be early start of the Mwenzinghetia religion. The last significant contribution from the early dynasties in Mbahala is the Mbahalan calendar, created in the 29th century BCE, under the 9th dynasty, setting its starting date sometime around 5822 BCE, two thousand years before the existence of Mbahala.

Late Dynastic Period
The start of the 2dn millennium BCE gave way to the Late Dynastic Period of Mbahala. The official division between these two periods is the transition from the 14th to the 15th dynasties. During this time, Mbahala switched to a more aggressive approach to foreign relations as Chief Mwinyi ya Ufinyanzi rose to power c. 1980 BCE. It was under the 15th Mbahalan dynasty that the civilization was able to expand southward beyond the Trans-Kasaren Mountains and into present-day southern Jangwali. With this newly gained expansionary prowess, Mbahala began a process of annexations and conquering of lands that had, prior to its invasion, maintained what were presumed to be good relations with Mbahala.

Government
The Republic of Jangwali is a  consisting of ten districts, comprised by a total of 40 provinces. The head of state is the President of Jangwali who is elected jointly with a vice president, both of whom have a 4-year after presidential elections. The Constitution of Jangwali is, and separates the government into three branches, the , the , and the.

Executive
The Executive power of Jangwali is comprised of a president, a vice president, and a Council of Ministers. As per constitutional law, the Mjangwali president is to be elected every 4 years and hold no more than two consecutive terms in office. They must be Jarader in faith and run jointly with a candidate for. As the head of state, the president has the power to dissolve Congress, appoint or remove members of the Supreme Court, and is tasked with the formation of the Council of Ministers, oftentimes simply referred to as the Council. Upon the creation of the position, presidents would also hold the title of of the Armed Forces of Jangwali, however, this was changed during the constitutional reform of 1989. After presidential elections, the vice president becomes one of two Chairmen of the Congress, whose job is to oversee and preside over all legislative sessions, during which they are referred to as President of the Chamber of Deputies, or simply President. The vice president will supersede the president in times of absence, illness, and/or sudden death. The Council of Ministers is the body comprised by the ministers of Jangwali, all of whom are the respective heads of the governmental offices known as. The ministers have a four year term, and cannot be appointed for a position at the Council more than two consecutive times.

Legislature
The National Congress of Jangwali is the legislative branch of the government. Its composition is, constituted by a 30-seat Senate and a TBD-seat Chamber of Deputies. The Senate, whose members (senators) are elected to six-year terms renewable by thirds every two years, consists of three representatives from each province. The Chamber of Deputies, whose members (deputies) are elected to four-year terms, is apportioned according to population, and renews its deputies by halves every two years. The National Congress meets at the Congressional Palace in the capital city of Kiribala. The Chamber of Deputies is presided by the vice president of Jangwali as chairman, referred to as the President of the Chamber of Deputies, meanwhile, the Senate is presided over by the prime minister, also referred to as President of the Senate, whose position, unlike in other systems of governments, is entirely part of the Legislature and cannot exercise authority or power outside of it. The prime minister is the leader of the or  that holds the most seats at the Chamber of Deputies, and their term of office is dependant on their fellow party members in charge of selecting a party leader, however, once a prime minister has started their term at Congress, they cannot be removed for two years until legislative elections.

Judiciary
The judiciary branch of government in Jangwali works under a hierarchical system atop of which stands the Supreme Court. The members comprising the Supreme Court are called Justices, of which there are nine, and they can only be appointed by the president with the agreement of at least two thirds of the present Senate members in a session convened for that purpose, and can only be removed by an process called kesikisiasa ("political trial"), initiated by the Chamber of Deputies and carried out by the Senate, exclusively on grounds of improper behavior. The Supreme Court functions as a last resort tribunal. Its rulings cannot be appealed. It also decides on cases dealing with the interpretation of the constitution (for example, it can overturn a law passed by Congress if deemed unconstitutional). Every four years, the title of Head Justice is passed on from one Justice to another in a repetitive cycle. The Head Justice oversees and presides over the Supreme Court, and is in charge of breaking any and all ties that may occur during rulings.

The Supreme Court sets the precedent for all lower courthouses and tribunals across the country. Each province in Jangwali is home to its own Head Tribunal, which act as ambassador courthouses to the Supreme Court, particularly in instances of national and political urgency. Equal in power to the Head Tribunals is the Military Court, specifically established to try military-related cases, such as, , and. At the lowest level are the regular distributed all across the country, usually hosting between 2–10 judges, depending on the court's size and personnel. All courts of law in Jangwali fall within one of four categories: s,, courts of , and last resort tribunals. Trial courts hear cases in the first instance as they have. Courts of appeal can reopen cases and retry rulings set by the trial courts if any of the parties involved during the case in question wishes to do so, their rulings can only be appealed by a last resort tribunal. Courts of inquisition are auxiliary courts that can only take precedence whenever an investigation is open by the trial courts or courts of appeal; courts of inquisition are most commonly resorted to during the investigation into a, disappearance, or political crimes. Last resort tribunals hear cases in their final instance and their rulings cannot be appealed.

The Head Tribunals are courts of appeal, whose resolutions cannot be contested by any other court other than the Supreme Court. Military Courts are trial courts, and their resolutions can be contested by both Head Tribunals and the Supreme Court.

Administrative divisions
The Republic of Jangwali is divided into 10 districts, all of which are further divided into a total of 40 provinces. In Jangwali, the districts and the provinces co-exist as the country's first-level subdivisions. The heads of the provincial governments, or governors, form the District Assembly upon election to best take decisions for their provinces while considering the district as a whole. Despite not being a province, the capital city of Kiribala is categorized as Special Metropolitan Area and has a seat at the District Assembly along with the Zaidi Kiribala province, of which it is a part of, and the rest of the provinces in the district.

Military
The Mjangwali National Guard (: ᨆᨍᨊᨁᨕᨒᨗ ᨕᨒᨗᨊᨔᨗ ᨕ ᨈᨕᨗᨄ, Mjangwali Walinzi wa Taifa) are the standing military forces of Jangwali. They are by the Military Council, which in turn is headed by the vice president, and the general chief as second-in-command; however, the president may pass over commanding responsibility to the general chief whenever they see fit. Military administration is overseen by the Ministry of Defence, directed by the Minister of Defence. As of 2022, the National Guard's expenditure amounts to 3.4% of the total, or around Ꝟ9.3 billion, and it's divided into the National Army, the National Navy, and the National Air Forces. Per new constitutional law, is only mandatory for all male citizens born before 1 January 2000, making it optional for the younger generations and onward. The National Guard had an active personnel of 789,950, and a reserve of 554,520 as of December of 2021.

The Mjangwali National Guard started off as a organized by Mwenzi citizens in [Agar Jangwali] in 1907, a decade before the country's independence. The then called Mwenzi Vigilantes (ᨆᨕᨙᨊᨔᨗᨆᨌᨚ, Mwenzimacho), was formed majorly by ethnically Mwenzi people aged between 21-31, fueled by the Mwenzi Revival that was characteristic of the early 20th century during which the younger generations sought out to restore the Mwenzi cultural practices and traditions through the replacement of the ongoing Agar rule. It was within this framework that the Mwenzi Vigilantes was formed, and most of these very ideologies have been carried into the present as the foundation of the Mjangwali National Guard upon its official formation as the national armed forces in 1917. This ideological system has resulted in many instances of and aggression toward Manuak citizens that wish to or had to join the military due to conscription laws. The National Guard has had an active role in the country's history since 1907, including its participation in colonial removal from [Agar Jangwali] with the help of Riyudic military, or its role in the Mjangwali Civil War that lasted between 1930.

Demographics
The Republic of Jangwali has a total population of 11,998,692 as per the last census in 2015, and an estimated population of 12,493,303 as of 2020. The capital and largest city is Kiribala, with a population of over 1 million people. Mwenzi people make up the largest portion of the population at 67%, followed by Manuak people at 31%. Religiously, the population is almost entirely evenly split, with 55% of all religious persons adhering to Mwenzinghetia, and 45% adhering to H'Ejrad, however these statistics don't take into account irreligious people who make up an estimated 1.4% of the population. The country's official languages are and Manuak, however, bills have been presented at Congress on multiple occasions over the years to remove Manuak as one of the nation's official languages. This has worked to no avail.